Remote Sensing of Earth Based Radar Objects

by Kozlov, A. I.; Ligthart, L. p; Logvin, A. I.

• ISBN13: 9781402035142
• ISBN10: 1402035144
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2020-08-26
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

The book concerns with the theory and practice of remote radio sensing applied to detection and classification problems with (polarimetric) radar in microwave scattering propagation channel. The first eight (8) chapters (Part II of the book) deal with theory on remote sensing for classification by (polarimetric) contrast of earth-based radar objects. Part III of the book (chapters 9-14) deals with signal processing aspects of (polarimetric) remote sensing for data obtained from experiments carried out at L and X bands. Theory and experiments are compared and an overview of new areas of research on modeling and verification of detection /classification of radar objects are given in Chapters 15 and 16. In Chapter 17 some experimental results of IRCTR radar polarimetry for atmospheric and earth surface applications are given. Part IV gives the conclusions on applications and the results of the research program described in this book.

Table of Contents

Preface xiv Acknowledgements xv PART I - INTRODUCTION A Scope of the subject-description of the research program xvi B Outline of the book xvii PART II : THEORY ON REMOTE SENSING OF EARTH BASED RADAR OBJECTS (CLASSIFICATION -RADAR CONTRAST) Chapter 1: Classification of radar objects Introduction 31.2 Traditional classification methods for radar objects 51.2.1 Deterministic methods 51.2.1.1 Decision function method 51.2.1.2 Distance method in the signature space 61.2.2 Stochastic methods 71.2.2.1 Bayes' method 71.2.2.2 Accounting errors of experiments 91.3 Modified classification methods for radar objects using polarization parameters 111.3.1 Deterministic methods 111.3.1.1 Classification based on the radio-wave polarization characteristics 111.3.1.2 Classification based on the radar objects polarization characteristics 111.3.2 Stochastic methods 121.3.2.1 Polarization modified Bayes' method 121.3.2.2 The influence of errors on the determination of the boundaries 201.3.2.3 The influence of PDF errors on the errors in the signature measurement 231.4 Application of polarization-based classification methods 261.4.1 Layered vegetation model 261.4.2 Computational results 311.5 Conclusions 40 Chapter 2: Inverse problem, method and analysis.2.1 Introduction 422.2 Inverse scattering methods 432.2.1 Outline of inversion methods 45 Inversion algorithms 472.2.2.1 Newton method 472.2.2.2 Gradient method 482.2.2.3 Conjugate gradient method 492.2.2.4 Levenberg-Marquardt method 492.3 Example of an electromagnetic inverse scattering problem 502.4 Examples of inversion: experiments and simulations 562.4.1 Imaging of a bounded object by non-linear inversion in TE scattering 57 Imaging of single and multiple buried (underground) objects with 61 inverse scattering and SAR processing.2.4.3 Imaging (2D-3D) of biomedical data 652.4.4 Depolarization effects in inverse scattering problems: an appraisal of basic factors. 722.5 Summary and conclusions 732.5.1 Summary of inversion methods 732.5.2 Summary of results and conclusions 75 Chapter 3: Description of direct and interfering electromagnetic waves in scattering problems.3.1 Introduction 783.2 Main characteristics of radio wave scattering 813.2.1 Phenomenological models 813.2.2 Geometrical models 823.2.3 Statistical models 843.2.3.1 Model 1 843.2.3.2 Model 2 863.2.3.3 Model 3 883.3 The system of independent scatterers 903.3.1 General relations 903.3.2 Completely chaotic orientation of scatterers 933.3.3 Scatterers with predominant horizontal orientation 943.3.4 Scatterers with predominant vertical orientation 953.4 Classification of the forms of Earth surfaces 983.5 Generalized reflection characteristics of Earth surfaces 1003.6 Polarization characteristics of Earth surfaces 1083.6.1 Water surface 1083.6.2 Ground surface 1153.7 Scattering-reflection modeling: summary 1223.7.1 Application 1223.7.2 Verification 1223.8 Conclusions 123 Chapter 4: Relation between electrodynamic characteristics and radar polarization state.4.1 Introduction 1244.2 Smooth homogeneous medium 1264.3 Smooth inhomogeneous medium 1374.3.1 General relations 1374.3.2 Exponential layer 1394.3.3 Quadratic layer 1394.3.4 Vertical scanning incidence 1404.3.4.1 Polynomial layer 1404.3.4.2 Linear layer 1414.3.4.3 Parabolic layer 1424.3.4.4 Matching layer 1434.3.4.5 Intermediate layer 1454.3.5 Equation for the scattering matrix elements 1474.4 Rough surfaces 1524.4.1 Scattering matrix for model 1 1544.4.2 Scattering matrix for model 2 1554.4.3 Scattering matrix for model 3 1564.4.4 Scattering matrix for model 4 1574.4.5 Statistical characteristics of the scattering matrix elements 158 Relation between eigenvalues, proper polarization basis coordinates and complex permittivity 1654.5.1 Scattering matrix invariants 1654.5.1.1 Smooth homogeneous surface model 1654.5.1.2 Smooth inhomogeneous surface model 1654.5.1.3 Model 1 1664.5.1.4 Model 2 1664.5.1.5 Model 3 1664.5.2 Eigenvalues and proper polarization