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Introduction to the Kidney | |
Physiology of Body Fluids | |
Objectives | |
Physicochemical Properties of Electrolyte Solutions | |
Molarity and Equivalence | |
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure | |
Osmolarity and Osmolality | |
Tonicity | |
Oncotic Pressure | |
Specific Gravity | |
Volumes of Body Fluid Compartments | |
Composition of Body Fluid Compartments | |
Fluid Exchange Between Body Fluid Compartments | |
Capillary Fluid Exchange | |
Cellular Fluid Exchange | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Structure and Function of the Kidneys | |
Objectives | |
Structure of the Kidneys | |
Gross Anatomy | |
Ultrastructure of the Nephron | |
Ultrastructure of the Glomerulus | |
Ultrastructure of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | |
Innervation of the Kidneys | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Glomerular Filtration and Renal Blood Flow | |
Objectives | |
Renal Clearance | |
Glomerular Filtration Rate | |
Glomerular Filtration | |
Determinants of Ultrafiltrate Composition | |
Dynamics of Ultrafiltration | |
Renal Blood Flow | |
Regulation of Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate | |
Sympathetic Nerves | |
Angiotensin II | |
Prostaglandins | |
Nitric Oxide | |
Endothelin | |
Bradykinin | |
Adenosine | |
Natriuretic Peptides | |
ATP | |
Glucocorticoids | |
Histamine | |
Dopamine | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Renal Transport Mechanisms: NaCl and Water Reabsorption Along the Nephron | |
Objectives | |
General Principles of Membrane Transport | |
General Principles of Transepithelial Solute and Water Transport | |
NaCl, Solute, and Water Reabsorption Along the Nephron | |
Proximal Tubule | |
Henle's Loop | |
Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct | |
Regulation of NaCl and Water Reabsorption | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Regulation of Body Fluid Osmolality: Regulation of Water Balance | |
Objectives | |
Antidiuretic Hormone | |
Osmotic Control of AVP Secretion | |
Hemodynamic Control of AVP Secretion | |
AVP Actions on the Kidneys | |
Thirst | |
Renal Mechanisms for Dilution and Concentration of the Urine | |
The Role of Urea | |
Vasa Recta Function | |
Assessment of Renal Diluting and Concentrating Ability | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Volume and NaCl Balance | |
Objectives | |
Concept of Effective Circulating Volume | |
Volume-Sensing Systems | |
Volume Sensors in the Low-Pressure Cardiopulmonary Circuit | |
Volume Sensors in the High-Pressure Arterial Circuit | |
Hepatic Sensors | |
Central Nervous System Na+ Sensors | |
Volume Sensor Signals | |
Renal Sympathetic Nerves | |
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | |
Natriuretic Peptides | |
AVP | |
Control of Renal NaCl Excretion During Euvolemia | |
Mechanisms for Maintaining Constant Na+ Delivery to the Distal Tubule | |
Regulation of Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct Na+ Reabsorption | |
Control of Na+ Excretion with Volume Expansion | |
Control of Na+ Excretion with Volume Contraction | |
Edema | |
Alterations in Starling Forces | |
The Role of the Kidneys | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Regulation of Potassium Balance | |
Objectives | |
Overview of K+ Homeostasis | |
Regulation of Plasma [K+] | |
Epinephrine | |
Insulin | |
Aldosterone | |
Alterations of Plasma [K+] | |
Acid-Base Balance | |
Plasma Osmolality | |
Cell Lysis | |
Exercise | |
K+ Excretion by the Kidneys | |
Cellular Mechanisms of K+ Transport by Principal Cells and Intercalated Cells in the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct | |
Regulation of K+ Secretion by the Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct | |
Plasma [K+] | |
Aldosterone | |
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) | |
Factors that Perturb K+ Excretion | |
Flow of Tubular Fluid | |
Acid-Base Balance | |
Glucocorticoids | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Regulation of Acid-Base Balance | |
Objectives | |
The HCO3- Buffer System | |
Overview of Acid-Base Balance | |
Renal Net Acid Excretion | |
HCO3- Reabsorption Along the Nephron | |
Regulation of H+ Secretion | |
Formation of New HCO3- | |
Response to Acid-Base Disorders | |
Extracellular and Intracellular Buffers | |
Respiratory Compensation | |
Renal Compensation | |
Simple Acid-Base Disorders | |
Metabolic Acidosis | |
Metabolic Alkalosis | |
Respiratory Acidosis | |
Respiratory Alkalosis | |
Analysis of Acid-Base Disorders | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis | |
Objectives | |
Calcium | |
Overview of Ca++ Homeostasis | |
Ca++ Transport along the Nephron | |
Regulation of Urinary Ca++ Excretion | |
Calcium-Sensing Receptor | |
Phosphate | |
Overview of Pi Homeostasis | |
Pi Transport along the Nephron | |
Regulation of Urinary Pi Excretion | |
Integrative Review of Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitriol, and Calcitonin on Ca++ and Pi Homeostasis | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Physiology of Diuretic Action | |
Objectives | |
General Principles of Diuretic Action | |
Sites of Action of Diuretics | |
Response of Other Nephron Segments | |
Adequate Delivery of Diuretics to Their Site of Action | |
Volume of the Extracellular Fluid | |
Diuretic Braking Phenomenon | |
Mechanisms of Action of Diuretics | |
Osmotic Diuretics | |
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors | |
Loop Diuretics | |
Thiazide Diuretics | |
K+-Sparing Diuretics | |
Aquaretics | |
Effect of Diuretics on the Excretion of Water and Other Solutes | |
Solute-Free Water | |
K+ Excretion | |
HCO3- Excretion | |
Ca++ and Pi Excretion | |
Summary | |
Key Words and Concepts | |
Self-Study Problems | |
Additional Reading | |
Integrative Case Studies | |
Normal Laboratory Values | |
Nephron Function | |
Answers to Self-Study Problems | |
Answers to Integrative Case Studies | |
Review Examination | |
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.
The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.