Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs, Third Edition

by Cooke; G. Dennis

• ISBN13: 9781566706254
• ISBN10: 1566706254
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-05-09
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

It has been more than ten years since the last edition of the bestselling Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs. In that time, lake and reservoir management and restoration technologies have evolved and an enhanced version of this standard resource is long overdue. Completely revised and updated, the third edition continues the tradition of providing comprehensive coverage of the chemical, physical, and biological processes of eutrophication and its control. The authors describe the eutrophication process, outline methods for developing a pre-management and restoration diagnosis-feasibility study, and provide detailed descriptions of scientifically sound management and restoration methods.See what's new in the Third Edition:· New chapters on aquatic plant ecology and management· Emphasis on freshwater availability· A regional framework for water quality attainment· Methods of lake and reservoir restoration and management· Updates or revisions to all other chaptersThe book features in-depth discussions of techniques used to manage eutrophication in standing water bodies, procedures for using these techniques, the principles involved, and successes and failures through a selection of case studies and cost analyses. Each chapter includes an introduction to the scientific basis of the problem, a description of the methods and procedures, and presents several case histories. Potential negative impacts and costs, where known, are described. A useful classroom text, reference manual, and general guide, this is the text against which all other resources in this field are measured.

Table of Contents

SECTION I Overview
Introduction	3	(20)
The Hydrologic Cycle and the Quantity of Fresh Water	3	(4)
Status of Fresh Water in the United States	7	(4)
Sources of Lake and Reservoir Problems	11	(2)
Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs	13	(2)
History of Lake Restoration and Management	15	(8)
References	17	(6)
Basic Limnology	23	(24)
Introduction	23	(1)
Lakes and Reservoirs	23	(3)
Basic Limnology	26	(2)
Physical--Chemical Limnology	26	(2)
Biological Limnology	28	(2)
Limiting Factors	30	(1)
The Eutrophication Process	31	(2)
Characteristics of Shallow and Deep Lakes	33	(1)
Ecoregions and Attainable Lake Conditions	34	(7)
Summary	41	(6)
References	41	(6)
Lake and Reservoir Diagnosis and Evaluation	47	(42)
Introduction	47	(1)
Diagnosis/Feasibility Studies	47	(26)
Watershed	47	(6)
In-Lake	53	(4)
Data Evaluation	57	(13)
Example 1	70	(1)
Example 2	71	(2)
Selection of Lake Restoration Alternatives	73	(3)
Algal Problems	73	(1)
Nutrient Diversion/Advanced Waste Treatment	73	(1)
P Inactivation	73	(1)
Dilution/Flushing	74	(1)
Lake Protection From Urban Runoff	74	(1)
Hypolimnetic Withdrawal	74	(1)
Artificial Circulation	74	(1)
Food-Web Manipulations	74	(1)
Copper Sulfate Treatment	74	(1)
Macrophyte Problems	74	(1)
Harvesting	75	(1)
Biological Controls	75	(1)
Lake-Level Drawdown	75	(1)
Sediment Covers	75	(1)
Sediment Removal	75	(1)
Hypolimnetic Aeration	75	(1)
Guidelines for Choosing Lake Restoration Alternatives	76	(2)
The Lake Improvement Restoration Plan	78	(11)
References	80	(9)
SECTION II Algal Biomass Control Techniques Directed toward Control of Plankton Algae
Lake and Reservoir Response to Diversion and Advanced Wastewater Treatment	89	(24)
General	89	(1)
Techniques for Reducing External Nutrient Loads	90	(1)
Recovery of World Lakes	91	(4)
Lake Washington, Washington	95	(3)
Lake Sammamish, Washington	98	(2)
Lake Norrviken, Sweden	100	(1)
Shagawa Lake, Minnesota	101	(2)
Madison Lakes, Wisconsin	103	(1)
Lake Zurich, Switzerland	104	(1)
Lake Sobygaard, Denmark	105	(1)
Costs	106	(1)
In-Lake Treatment Following Diversion	107	(1)
Summary	108	(5)
References	109	(4)
Lake and Reservoir Protection From Non-Point Pollution	113	(36)
Introduction	113	(1)
In-Stream Phosphorus Removal	114	(2)
non-point Nutrient Source Controls: Introduction	116	(3)
non-point Source Controls: Manure Management	119	(3)
non-point Nutrient Source Controls: Ponds and Wetlands	122	(5)
Introduction	122	(1)
Dry And Wet Extended Detention (ED) Ponds	122	(2)
Constructed Wetlands	124	(3)
Constructed Wetlands: Case Histories	127	(3)
Pre-Dams	130	(1)
Riparian Zone Rehabilitation: Introduction	131	(1)
Riparian Zone Rehabilitation Methods	132	(3)
Reservoir Shoreline Rehabilitation	135	(2)
Lakeshore Rehabilitation	137	(3)
Summary	140	(9)
References	140	(9)
Dilution and Flushing	149	(16)
Introduction	149	(1)
Theory and Predictions	150	(1)
Case Studies	151	(10)
Moses Lake	152	(6)
Green Lake	158	(2)
Lake Veluwe	160	(1)
Summary: Effects, Applications, and Precautions	161	(4)
References	162	(3)
Hypolimnetic Withdrawal	165	(12)
Introduction	165	(2)
Test Cases	167	(6)
General Trends	167	(3)
Specific Cases	170	(1)
Mauen See	170	(1)
Austrian Lakes	170	(1)
U.S. Lakes	171	(1)
Canada	172	(1)
Costs	173	(1)
Adverse Effects	173	(1)
Summary	173	(4)
References	174	(3)
Phosphorus Inactivation and Sediment Oxidation	177	(62)
Introduction	177	(1)
Chemical Background	178	(4)
Aluminum	178	(2)
Iron and Calcium	180	(2)
Dose Determination and Application Techniques	182	(13)
Aluminum	182	(9)
Iron and Calcium	191	(1)
Application Techniques for Alum	191	(4)
Effectiveness and Longevity of P Inactivation	195	(20)
Introduction	195	(1)
Stratified Lake Cases	195	(5)
Mirror and Shadow Lakes, Wisconsin (WI)	200	(1)
West Twin Lake (WTL), Ohio	201	(2)
Kezar Lake, New Hampshire	203	(1)
Lake Morey, Vermont	204	(2)
Shallow, Unstratified Lake Cases	206	(2)
Long Lake, Kitsap County, Washington	208	(1)
Campbell and Erie Lakes, Washington	209	(1)
Green Lake, Washington	210	(1)
Reservoirs	211	(1)
Ponds	211	(1)
Iron Applications	212	(1)
Calcium Applications to Hardwater Lakes	213	(2)
Problems that Limit Effectiveness of P Inactivation	215	(1)
Negative Aspects	216	(8)
Costs	224	(1)
Sediment Oxidation	224	(15)
Equipment and Application Rates	225	(1)
Lake Response	225	(3)
Costs	228	(1)
Prospectus	228	(2)
References	230	(9)
Biomanipulation	239	(24)
Introduction	239	(1)
Trophic Cascade	239	(4)
Basic Trophic Cascade Research	243	(1)
Biomanipulation	244	(1)
Shallow Lakes	245	(2)
Biomanipulation: Shallow Lakes	247	(5)
Cockshoot Broad (UK)	247	(1)
Lake Zwemlust (and Other Dutch Lakes)	248	(2)
Lake Vaeng (and other Danish Lakes)	250	(1)
Lake Christina, Minnesota	250	(2)
Biomanipulation: Deep Lakes	252	(3)
Lake Mendota, Wisconsin	252	(1)
Bautzen Reservoir and Grafenheim Experimental Lakes (Germany)	253	(2)
Costs	255	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	255	(8)
References	256	(7)
Copper Sulfate	263	(12)
Introduction	263	(1)
Principle of Copper Sulfate Applications	263	(2)
Application Guidelines	265	(1)
Effectiveness of Copper Sulfate	266	(1)
Negative Effects of Copper Sulfate	267	(2)
Costs of Copper Sulfate	269	(6)
References	270	(5)
SECTION III Macrophyte Biomass Control
Macrophyte Ecology and Lake Management	275	(20)
Introduction	275	(1)
Planning and Monitoring for Aquatic Plant Management	275	(5)
Case Study: White River Lake Aquatic Plant Management Plan	276	(4)
Species and Life-Form Considerations	280	(1)
Aquatic Plant Growth and Productivity	281	(4)
Light	281	(1)
Nutrients	282	(1)
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), pH, and Oxygen (O2)	283	(1)
Substrate	284	(1)
Temperature	284	(1)
Plant Distribution within Lakes	285	(1)
Resource Allocation and Phenology	285	(1)
Reproduction and Survival Strategies	286	(1)
Relationships with Other Organisms	287	(2)
The Effects of Macrophytes on Their Environment	289	(6)
References	291	(4)
Plant Community Restoration	295	(30)
Introduction	295	(1)
The ``Do Nothing'' Approach	296	(2)
Case history: Lake Wingra, ``Doing Nothing''	297	(1)
The Habitat Alteration Approach	298	(9)
Case History: No-Motor, Slow-No-Wake Regulations	299	(1)
Long and Big Green Lakes: Heavily Used Recreational Lakes in Southeastern Wisconsin	299	(1)
Active Habitat Manipulation: Engineering and Biomanipulation Case Studies	300	(7)
Aquascaping	307	(8)
The Founder Colony: A Reasonable Restoration Approach	315	(6)
Case Studies	316	(1)
Founder Colonies in North Lake, Lake Lewisville, and Lake Conroe, Texas and Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama	316	(1)
Cootes Paradise Marsh: Volunteers in Action	317	(1)
Rice Lake at Milltown, Wisconsin: Lessons Learned	317	(4)
Concluding Thoughts	321	(4)
References	321	(4)
Water Level Drawdown	325	(18)
Introduction	325	(1)
Methods	325	(5)
Positive and Negative Factors of Water Level Drawdown	330	(2)
Case Studies	332	(5)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Reservoirs	332	(1)
Louisiana Reservoirs	333	(1)
Florida	333	(1)
Wisconsin	334	(3)
Connecticut	337	(1)
Oregon	337	(1)
Fish Management with Water Level Drawdown	337	(1)
Case Histories	337	(2)
Summary	339	(4)
References	339	(4)
Preventive, Manual, and Mechanical Methods	343	(38)
Introduction	343	(1)
Preventive Approaches	343	(5)
The Probabilities of Invasion	344	(2)
Education, Enforcement, and Monitoring as Preventive Approaches	346	(1)
Barriers and Sanitation	346	(2)
Manual Methods and Soft Technologies	348	(1)
Mechanical Methods	349	(25)
The Materials Handling Problem	349	(1)
Machinery and Equipment	350	(2)
Cutting	352	(1)
Case Study: Water chestnut (Trapa natans) Management in New York, Maryland, and Vermont	352	(1)
Case Study: Pre-Emptive Cutting to Manage Curly-Leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) in Minnesota	353	(1)
Case Study: Deep Cutting, Fish Lake, Wisconsin	353	(2)
Case Study: Cutting the Emergents, Cattails (Typha spp.) and Reeds (Phragmites spp.)	355	(1)
Harvesting	355	(1)
Efficacy, Regrowth, and Change in Community Structure	355	(3)
The Nutrient Removal Question	358	(4)
Environmental Effects	362	(3)
Operational Challenges	365	(1)
Shredding and Crushing	365	(1)
Diver-Operated Suction Dredges	366	(1)
Hydraulic Washing	367	(1)
Weed Rollers: Automated, Untended Aquatic Plant Control Devices	367	(1)
Mechanical Derooting	368	(1)
Costs and Productivity	369	(5)
Concluding Remarks	374	(7)
References	375	(6)
Sediment Covers and Surface Shading for Macrophyte Control	381	(6)
Introduction	381	(1)
Comparison of Synthetic Sediment Covers	381	(3)
Polyethylene	381	(1)
Polypropylene	382	(1)
Aquascreen	383	(1)
Burlap	383	(1)
Application Procedures for Sediment Covers	384	(1)
Shading of Macrophytes with Surface Covers	384	(3)
References	385	(2)
Chemical Controls	387	(38)
Introduction	387	(1)
Effective Concentration --- Dose, Time Considerations, Active Ingredients, Site-Specific Factors, and Herbicide Formulation	387	(1)
Types of Chemicals	388	(3)
Contact vs. Systemic	389	(1)
Broad-spectrum vs. Selective Herbicides	390	(1)
Persistent vs. Non-Persistent	390	(1)
Tank Mixes	390	(1)
Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)	390	(1)
Adjuvants	391	(1)
Increasing Herbicide Selectivity	391	(2)
Environmental Impacts, Safety and Health Considerations	393	(6)
Herbicide Fate in the Environment	393	(1)
Toxic Effects	394	(1)
Direct Effects	395	(2)
Indirect Impacts	397	(2)
What Should a Lake Manager or Concerned Citizen Do?	399	(1)
Ways of Minimizing Environmental Risks	399	(2)
Case Studies	401	(17)
Plant Management with Fluridone in the Northern United States	401	(1)
Minnesota Experiences	401	(3)
Wisconsin Experiences --- Potters and Random Lakes	404	(2)
Michigan Experiences	406	(3)
Vermont Experiences --- Lake Hortonia and Burr Pond	409	(3)
Increasers and Decreasers	412	(1)
2,4-D in Cayuga Lake, New York and Loon Lake, Washington State	412	(1)
Cayuga Lake	412	(2)
Loon Lake	414	(1)
Triclopyr in Pend Oreille River, Washington State and Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota	415	(1)
Pend Oreille River	415	(2)
Lake Minnetonka	417	(1)
Costs	418	(1)
Concluding Remarks	418	(7)
References	420	(5)
Phytophagous Insects, Fish, and Other Biological Controls	425	(34)
Introduction	425	(1)
Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)	426	(1)
Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)	427	(2)
Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)	429	(1)
Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)	430	(3)
Grass Carp	433	(12)
History and Restrictions	433	(1)
Biology of Grass Carp	434	(1)
Reproduction of Grass Carp	435	(3)
Stocking Rates	438	(2)
Case Histories	440	(1)
Deer Point Lake, Florida	440	(2)
Lake Conway, Florida	442	(1)
Lake Conroe, Texas	442	(1)
Smaller Lakes and Ponds	443	(1)
Water Quality Changes	443	(2)
Other Phytophagous Fish	445	(1)
Developing Areas of Macrophyte and Algae Management	446	(13)
Fungal Pathogens	446	(1)
Water hyacinth	446	(1)
Hydrilla	447	(1)
Eurasian Watermilfoil	447	(1)
Allelopathic Substances	447	(1)
Plant Growth Regulators	448	(1)
Barley Straw	448	(1)
Reducing Algae Growth with Bacteria	448	(1)
Viruses for Blue-Green Algae Management	449	(1)
References	449	(10)
SECTION IV Multiple Benefit Treatments
Hypolimnetic Aeration and Oxygenation	459	(16)
Introduction	459	(1)
Description and Operation of Units	459	(5)
Unit Sizing	464	(1)
Beneficial Effects and Limitations	465	(5)
Undesirable Effects	470	(1)
Costs	470	(1)
Summary	470	(5)
References	471	(4)
Artificial Circulation	475	(28)
Introduction	475	(1)
Devices and Air Quantities	475	(8)
Theoretical Effects of Circulation	483	(7)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)	483	(1)
Nutrients	483	(1)
Physical Control of Phytoplankton Biomass	484	(4)
Effects on Phytoplankton Composition	488	(2)
Effects of Circulation on Trophic Indicators	490	(4)
Undesirable Effects	494	(1)
Costs	494	(2)
Summary and Recommendations	496	(7)
References	496	(7)
Sediment Removal	503	(72)
Introduction	503	(1)
Objectives of Sediment Removal	503	(2)
Deepening	503	(1)
Nutrient Control	503	(1)
Toxic Substances Removal	504	(1)
Rooted Macrophyte Control	504	(1)
Environmental Concerns	505	(2)
In-Lake Concerns	505	(1)
Disposal Area Concerns	506	(1)
Sediment Removal Depth	507	(1)
Sediment Removal Techniques	508	(6)
Mechanical Dredges	509	(1)
Hydraulic Dredges	509	(4)
Special-Purpose Dredges	513	(1)
Pneumatic Dredges	514	(1)
Suitable Lake Conditions	514	(2)
Dredge Selection and Disposal Area Design	516	(27)
Dredge Selection	517	(1)
Plan to Optimize the Available Disposal Area	517	(1)
Analyze the Production Capacity of Available Dredging Equipment	518	(2)
Compute Dredging Days Required to Complete the Job	520	(1)
Determine the Required Head Discharge Characteristics of the Main Pump When Pumping Material with the Specific Gravity of Lake Sediment (Approximately 1.20)	520	(8)
Determine Minimum Head Conditions When Pumping to the Nearest Disposal Area	528	(1)
Analyze Booster Pump Requirements for Pumping to Distances Beyond the Capacity of the Main Pump	529	(6)
Disposal Area Design	535	(1)
Flocculent Settling Procedure	535	(1)
Zone/Compression Settling Test Procedure	536	(1)
Design Procedures	537	(6)
Case Studies	543	(19)
Lake Trummen, Sweden	544	(4)
Lilly Lake, Wisconsin	548	(1)
Initial Diagnosis and Results	548	(2)
Long-Term Effects	550	(3)
Other WDNR Dredging Experiences	553	(1)
Lake Springfield, Illinois	554	(1)
Sediment Removal Guidelines	555	(1)
Sediment Removal Techniques and Disposal Site Selection	556	(1)
Permits	557	(1)
Disposal Site	558	(1)
Sediment Removal	558	(1)
Lake Jarnsjon, Sweden	559	(3)
Costs	562	(5)
Summary	567	(8)
References	567	(8)
Index	575