The Reuse and Recycling of Contaminated Soil

by Testa; Stephen M.

• ISBN13: 9781566701884
• ISBN10: 1566701880
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-06-18
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This book presents a new way of viewing contaminated soil -- as a resource that in many instances can be recovered. The Reuse and Recycling of Contaminated Soils addresses the waste problem associated with contaminated soil and considers alternatives that are environmentally sound, cost-effective, and time efficient. It provides thorough coverage of practical issues associated with reuse and recycling including: -- Concepts of reclamation, use, reuse, recycling, and resource recovery-- Waste types suitable for reuse and recycling-- Relevant regulations and regulatory programs-- Reuse and recycling technologies-- Leachability and leachability tests-- Engineering considerations and applicable tests-- Case histories on the incorporation of contaminated soil into asphaltic end products-- And much more!The book features helpful appendices including a list of acronyms, a glossary of regulatory and technical terms, and conversion factors for U.S. measures to metric units.

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1	(34)
1.1 The Soil Problem	1	(15)
1.1.1 Underground Storage Tanks (USTs)	2	(2)
1.1.2 Chemical Sites	4	(2)
1.1.3 Oil Field Sites	6	(1)
1.1.4 Geothermal Sites	7	(1)
1.1.5 Manufactured Gas Plants	8	(1)
1.1.6 Mining Sites	8	(8)
1.1.7 Environmental Terrorism	16	(1)
1.2 Remediation vs. Reuse and Recycling	16	(7)
1.3 The Concept of Resource Recovery	23	(9)
Bibliography	32	(3)
CHAPTER 2 REGULATORY ASPECTS	35	(8)
2.1 Introduction	35	(1)
2.2 Generator Responsibility	36	(1)
2.3 Waste Characterization	36	(2)
2.3.1 Solid Waste Characterization	37	(1)
2.4 Regulatory Framework	38	(1)
2.5 Declassification	39	(1)
2.6 Exemptions	40	(1)
2.7 Transportation Considerations	41	(1)
Bibliography	42	(1)
CHAPTER 3 SOIL REUSE AND RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES	43	(30)
3.1 Introduction	43	(3)
3.2 Reuse and Recycling Technologies	46	(13)
3.2.1 Asphalt Incorporation	46	(9)
3.2.1.1 Cold-Mix Asphalt Processes (CMA)	46	(6)
3.2.1.2 Hot-Mix Asphalt Processes (HMA)	52	(3)
3.2.2 Cement Production Processes	55	(3)
3.2.3 Brick Manufacturing Processes	58	(1)
3.3 Reclaim Technologies	59	(11)
3.3.1 Energy Recovery	59	(5)
3.3.2 Thermal Desorption	64	(2)
3.3.3 Solvent Extraction	66	(2)
3.3.4 Soil Vapor Extraction	68	(1)
3.3.5 Decanting	69	(1)
3.3.6 Physical Separation	69	(1)
Bibliography	70	(3)
CHAPTER 4 FIELD CONSIDERATIONS	73	(8)
4.1 Introduction	73	(1)
4.2 Sampling Strategies	73	(2)
4.3 Particle Size Distribution	75	(2)
4.4 Selective Excavation	77	(2)
4.5 Volatile Organic Compound Mitigation	79	(1)
Bibliography	80	(1)
CHAPTER 5 LABORATORY CONSIDERATIONS	81	(22)
5.1 Introduction	81	(1)
5.2 Hazardous Waste Types	81	(3)
5.3 Hazardous Waste Characterization	84	(4)
5.4 Acceptance Criteria	88	(1)
5.5 Leachability	88	(5)
5.6 Leachability Tests	93	(8)
5.6.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)	93	(2)
5.6.2 Extraction Procedure Toxicity (EP Tox) Test	95	(1)
5.6.3 California Waste Extraction Test (Cal WET)	95	(3)
5.6.4 American Nuclear Society Leach Test (ANSI/ANS/16.1)	98	(1)
5.6.5 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure "Gage" Modification (TCLP Modified)	98	(1)
5.6.6 Dynamic Leach Test (DLT)	99	(1)
5.6.7 Multiple Extraction Procedure (MEP)	99	(1)
5.6.8 Synthetic Acid Precipitation Leach Test (SAPLT)	99	(1)
5.6.9 Monofilled Waste Extraction Procedure (MWEP)	99	(1)
5.6.10 Shake Extraction Test (SET)	100	(1)
5.6.11 Equilibrium Leach Test (ELT)	100	(1)
5.6.12 Sequential Extraction Test (SET)	100	(1)
5.6.13 Sequential Chemical Extraction (SCE)	100	(1)
5.6.14 Static Leach Test Method (SLTM)	100	(1)
5.6.15 Agitated Powder Leach Test (APLT)	101	(1)
5.6.16 Soxhlet Leach Test (SLT)	101	(1)
Bibliography	101	(2)
CHAPTER 6 ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS	103	(18)
6.1 Introduction	103	(1)
6.2 Engineering Tests for Preprocessed Soil	103	(6)
6.2.1 Microscopic and Petrographic Examination	104	(1)
6.2.2 Sieve Size Analysis	104	(1)
6.2.3 Sand Equivalent Test	104	(1)
6.2.4 Maximum Density and Moisture Content	104	(4)
6.2.5 Liquid Limit and Plasticity Index	108	(1)
6.2.6 Specific Gravity	108	(1)
6.2.7 R-Value or Resistance	108	(1)
6.3 Engineering Tests for Processed Asphalt	109	(1)
6.3.1 Marshall Stability	109	(1)
6.4 Mix Designs	109	(5)
6.4.1 Mix Design Uses	110	(1)
6.4.2 Mix Design Criteria	111	(3)
6.4.2.1 Aggregate Gradation Selection	111	(1)
6.4.2.2 Compaction Hammer	111	(1)
6.4.2.3 Optimum Asphalt Content	112	(1)
6.4.2.4 Stabilometer Value	112	(1)
6.4.2.5 Flow Value	113	(1)
6.4.2.6 Air Voids	113	(1)
6.4.2.7 Voids in Mineral Aggregate	113	(1)
6.4.2.8 Dust-to-Asphalt Ratio	113	(1)
6.5 Pilot Testing	114	(5)
Bibliography	119	(2)
CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BITUMENS AND ASPHALT	121	(28)
7.1 Introduction	121	(1)
7.2 Types of Bitumens	122	(2)
7.2.1 Physical and Chemical Criteria	122	(2)
7.2.2 Mode of Preparation Criteria	124	(1)
7.3 Asphalt-Aggregate Chemistry	124	(7)
7.3.1 Functional Groups	125	(1)
7.3.2 Functional Group Analysis	125	(6)
7.4 Asphalt-Aggregate Stability	131	(1)
7.5 Contaminant Mobility in Asphalt	132	(1)
7.6 Contaminant Leachability from Asphalt	133	(8)
7.7 Durability	141	(1)
7.8 Aging	141	(1)
7.9 Biological Resistance	142	(1)
7.10 Permeability	143	(1)
7.11 Leachability	143	(2)
7.12 Discussion	145	(1)
Bibliography	146	(3)
CHAPTER 8 ASPHALTIC EMULSIONS	149	(18)
8.1 Introduction	149	(1)
8.2 Emulsion Chemistry	150	(1)
8.3 Emulsion Production	151	(1)
8.4 Emulsion Specifications	152	(4)
8.5 Breaking and Curing	156	(1)
8.6 Emulsified Asphalt Tests	157	(5)
8.6.1 Composition Tests	157	(2)
8.6.2 Consistency Tests	159	(1)
8.6.3 Examination of Residue Tests	160	(1)
8.6.4 Emulsion Tests for Construction Purposes	161	(1)
8.7 Emulsion Selection	162	(3)
Bibliography	165	(2)
CHAPTER 9 CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF CEMENTITIOUS PRODUCTS	167	(20)
9.1 Introduction	167	(1)
9.2 Types of Cement	167	(5)
9.2.1 Natural Cements	168	(1)
9.2.2 Portland Cement	168	(4)
9.3 Physical Properties	172	(5)
9.3.1 Setting Time	172	(2)
9.3.2 Comprehensive and Flexural Strength	174	(3)
9.3.3 Durability	177	(1)
9.4 Chemical Properties	177	(2)
9.5 Leachability	179	(3)
9.6 Degradation	182	(1)
9.7 Biological Resistance	182	(1)
Bibliography	183	(4)
CHAPTER 10 TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS FOR REUSE AND RECYCLING	187	(10)
10.1 Introduction	187	(1)
10.2 Organic-Contaminated Soil	187	(1)
10.3 Inorganic-Contaminated Soil	188	(1)
10.4 Fly Ash	189	(2)
10.5 Low Radioactive Waste (LLW) and Intermediate Radioactive Waste (ILW)	191	(5)
Bibliography	196	(1)
CHAPTER 11 ASPHALT UTILIZATION AND APPLICATION	197	(16)
11.1 Introduction	197	(1)
11.2 Utilization	197	(10)
11.2.1 Use as Pavement	197	(3)
11.2.2 Use as a Liner	200	(4)
11.2.3 Use as a Berm	204	(1)
11.2.4 Hydraulic Applications	205	(2)
11.3 Application	207	(1)
11.3.1 Seal Coating	208	(1)
11.3.2 Curing	208	(1)
11.4 Quality Control and Assurance	208	(4)
11.4.1 Production Consistency	208	(1)
11.4.2 Temperature	208	(3)
11.4.3 Weight	211	(1)
11.4.4 Cost	211	(1)
11.4.5 Certification of Compliance	211	(1)
Bibliography	212	(1)
CHAPTER 12 SELECTED CMA CASE HISTORIES	213	(20)
12.1 Introduction	213	(1)
12.2 Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil from Municipality Maintenance Facility (UST)	213	(4)
12.3 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil from Former Gas Manufacturing Site (PNAS)	217	(3)
12.4 Lead-Mine Scale from Former Geothermal Plant	220	(1)
12.5 Lead- and Zinc-Contaminated Soil from a Brake-Shoes Manufacturing Plant	221	(5)
12.6 Lead- and Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil from Auto226 Wrecking Site	226	(3)
12.7 Cost Considerations	229	(2)
Bibliography	231	(2)
APPENDIX A Acronyms	233	(2)
APPENDIX B Glossary of Regulatory and Technical Terms	235	(12)
APPENDIX C Conversion of Metric Units	247	(2)
INDEX	249