The River Scene is a uniquely stimulating guide to the appreciation and preservation of rivers. In this highly illustrated account, Sylvia Haslam presents a new scheme for the evaluation of river quality which can be used by a wide range of users, from amateur conservationists to water management professionals. The book presents an overview of river ecology, looking first at the natural environment - river structure, classification and pollution. This is followed by a discussion of the cultural environment, the importance of which is often overlooked: the history, archaeology, and social and legal contexts of rivers. Dr Haslam is a leading international authority on rivers and their vegetation. By understanding the natural and cultural environments of rivers and applying the methods she describes, our awareness and appreciation of these beautiful resources can be greatly enhanced, and their conservation for the future aided.

Preface

xiii

Part I Introduction

1

(20)

1 INTRODUCTION: the river habitat

1

(8)

The river environment

1

(5)

Introduction to the book

6

(1)

Legal and safety note

7

(2)

2 WATER: the essential element

9

(12)

Introduction

9

(2)

Reference water depths and flow types

11

(1)

Stream patterns

12

(3)

Abstraction

15

(1)

Regulation

16

(1)

Shallowing and vegetation

17

(2)

Pollution

19

(1)

Other changes and vegetation

19

(2)

Part II The Natural Environment

21

(222)

3 RIVER STRUCTURE and its damage

21

(50)

Introduction

21

(3)

River structure

24

(25)

Stability

49

(1)

Channel position

49

(3)

Trees and shade

52

(2)

Buffer strips

54

(3)

Organic carbon and debris dams

57

(1)

Sediment

57

(1)

Legacy areas

58

(1)

Grazing, trampling, cutting and biocides

59

(3)

Boats

62

(1)

River structure in settlements

63

(5)

Appendix: Wetland dyke (ditch) management: recommendations for conservation

68

(3)

4 RIVER TYPES in relation to vegetation

71

(72)

Summary identification

71

(1)

Introduction

71

(4)

Species identification, habit and habitat banding

75

(10)

Tall monocotyledons

85

(2)

River classification A: Haslam and Wolseley Method

87

(44)

River classification B: Small-scale interpretation of differences

131

(2)

River classification C: Holmes method, typing rivers according to their flora

133

(1)

Fragile watercourses: their identification and protection

134

(1)

Rivers change: the changing vegetation of rivers

135

(5)

Causes of change in stable river vegetation

140

(1)

Protected plants

141

(1)

Introduced plants

142

(1)

5 POLLUTION: altering chemical quality

143

(14)

Introduction

143

(2)

The purifying power of the river

145

(1)

Pollutants entering the river

146

(7)

Effect of land use

153

(4)

6 ASSESSING the effect of pollution and other interference using vegetation (macrophytes)

157

(24)

Introduction

157

(1)

How vegetation responds to pollution

158

(8)

Benthic algae, blanket weed, sewage fungus and `sewage algae'

166

(2)

Damage rating

168

(10)

Cover-diversity number (too much human impact)

178

(3)

7 RIVER STRUCTURE for larger animals

181

(30)

Introduction

181

(4)

Information presented

185

(1)

Invertebrate: Crayfish

185

(1)

Amphibians

186

(1)

Birds

187

(21)

Mammals

208

(3)

8 DEVELOPMENT: enhancement, improvement and geomorphology

211

(22)

Introduction

211

(4)

Flood and waterlogging

215

(3)

Rehabilitation and enhancement

218

(15)

9 LAW and PLANNING

233

(10)

Introduction

233

(1)

The Environment and Water Acts

233

(1)

The Environmental Protection Act 1990

234

(1)

Conservation duties

234

(2)

The MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) Habitat Scheme. Water fringe areas, 1994

236

(1)

Legal powers and duties of the Environment Agency and the internal drainage boards

236

(3)

Planning

239

(4)

Part III The Cultural Environment

243

(68)

I0 HISTORIC and RECENT CULTURAL HERITAGE

243

(54)

Introduction

243

(1)

Place names

244

(3)

Structure and features

247

(50)

11 ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE

297

(6)

Introduction

297

(1)

Identifying sites

298

(4)

Addresses of archaeological organisations

302

(1)

12 RECREATION

303

(8)

Introduction

303

(1)

Objectives

303

(2)

Activities

305

(5)

Conclusions

310

(1)

APPENDIX Survey methods and recording

311

Introduction

311

(1)

Equipment

311

(2)

Recording and assessment

313

(18)

Summary sheet

314

(1)

For water (Chapter 2)

315

(1)

For river structure (Chapter 3)

316

(3)

For river types: vegetation (Chapter 4)

319

(1)

For pollution (Chapter 5)

320

(3)

For assessing pollution and other damage using vagetation (Chapter 6)

323

(2)

For structural habitat for larger animals (Chapter 7)

325

(2)

For historic and recent cultural heritage (Chapter 10)

327

(1)

For archaelogy (Chapter 11)

328

(1)

For recreation (Chapter 12)

329

(1)

River plans

330

(1)

Glossary

331

(6)

List of principal Latin and English plant names used in the book

337

(2)

Sources of information

339

(2)

Index

341

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The River Scene: Ecology and Cultural Heritage

9780521574105

0521574102

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Summary

Table of Contents

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