Satellite Communications Systems Engineering : Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance

by Ippolito, Louis J.

• ISBN13: 9780470725276
• ISBN10: 0470725273
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-10-13
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This book provides a comprehensive description and analysis of all of the atmospheric effects of concern for today's satellite systems and the tools necessary to design the links and evaluate system performance. Many of the tools and calculations are provided in a 'handbook' form, with step-by-step procedures and all necessary algorithms in one place to allow direct calculations from one source. The book focuses on the satellite free-space link as the primary element in the design and performance for satellite communications, and recognizes the importance of free-space considerations such as atmospheric effects, frequency of operation and adaptive mitigation techniques.Covers: Satellite Orbits, Satellite Subsystems, The RF Link, Link System Performance, Transmission Impairments, Propagation Effects Modeling & Prediction, Link Restoration Techniques, The Composite Link, Signal Processing Analog Satellite Systems, Signal Processing Digital Satellite Systems, Satellite Multiple Access, Mobile Satellite Networks, Satellite Broadband, Satellite Applications and Trends

Author Biography

Louis J. Ippolito, Jr. ITT Advanced Engineering Sciences, USA, and The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Table of Contents

List of Acronyms	p. xi
Preface	p. xvii
Introduction to Satellite Communications	p. 1
Early History of Satellite Communications	p. 3
Some Basic Communications Satellite System Definitions	p. 8
Satellite Communications Segments	p. 9
Satellite Link Parameters	p. 10
Satellite Orbits	p. 11
Frequency Band Designations	p. 12
Regulatory Process for Satellite Communications	p. 14
Overview of Book Structure and Topics	p. 16
References	p. 17
Satellite Orbits	p. 19
Kepler's Laws	p. 20
Orbital Parameters	p. 22
Orbits in Common Use	p. 25
Geostationary Orbit	p. 25
Low Earth Orbit	p. 27
Medium Earth Orbit	p. 28
Highly Elliptical Orbit	p. 28
Polar Orbit	p. 29
Geometry of GSO Links	p. 30
Range to Satellite	p. 31
Elevation Angle to Satellite	p. 32
Azimuth Angle to Satellite	p. 32
Sample Calculation	p. 34
References	p. 35
Problems	p. 36
Satellite Subsystems	p. 37
Satellite Bus	p. 39
Physical Structure	p. 39
Power Subsystem	p. 40
Attitude Control	p. 41
Orbital Control	p. 42
Thermal Control	p. 44
Tracking, Telemetry, Command, and Monitoring	p. 44
Satellite Payload	p. 46
Transponder	p. 46
Antennas	p. 49
References	p. 50
The RF Link	p. 51
Transmission Fundamentals	p. 51
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power	p. 53
Power Flux Density	p. 53
Antenna Gain	p. 54
Free-Space Path Loss	p. 57
Basic Link Equation for Received Power	p. 59
System Noise	p. 61
Noise Figure	p. 63
Noise Temperature	p. 65
System Noise Temperature	p. 68
Figure of Merit	p. 72
Link Performance Parameters	p. 73
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio	p. 73
Carrier-to-Noise Density	p. 74
Energy-Per-Bit to Noise Density	p. 75
References	p. 75
Problems	p. 75
Link System Performance	p. 77
Link Considerations	p. 77
Fixed Antenna Size Link	p. 78
Fixed Antenna Gain Link	p. 79
Fixed Antenna Gain, Fixed Antenna Size Link	p. 80
Uplink	p. 81
Multiple Carrier Operation	p. 83
Downlink	p. 84
Percent of Time Performance Specifications	p. 84
References	p. 86
Problems	p. 87
Transmission Impairments	p. 89
Radiowave Frequency and Space Communications	p. 89
Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms	p. 91
Propagation Below About 3 GHz	p. 93
Ionospheric Scintillation	p. 97
Polarization Rotation	p. 99
Group Delay	p. 99
Dispersion	p. 100
Propagation Above About 3 GHz	p. 102
Rain Attenuation	p. 103
Gaseous Attenuation	p. 107
Cloud and Fog Attenuation	p. 108
Depolarization	p. 111
Tropospheric Scintillation	p. 117
Radio Noise	p. 121
Specification of Radio Noise	p. 121
Noise from Atmospheric Gases	p. 123
Sky Noise due to Rain	p. 124
Sky Noise due to Clouds	p. 126
Noise from Extra-Terrestrial Sources	p. 129
References	p. 136
Problems	p. 137
Propagation Effects Modeling and Prediction	p. 139
Atmospheric Gases	p. 139
Leibe Complex Refractivity Model	p. 140
ITU-R Gaseous Attenuation Models	p. 141
Clouds and Fog	p. 153
ITU-R Cloud Attenuation Model	p. 154
Slobin Cloud Model	p. 155
Rain Attenuation	p. 163
ITU-R Rain Attenuation Model	p. 164
Crane Rain Attenuation Models	p. 177
Depolarization	p. 189
Rain Depolarization Modeling	p. 190
Ice Depolarization Modeling	p. 191
Tropospheric Scintillation	p. 196
Karasawa Scintillation Model	p. 196
ITU-R Scintillation Model	p. 199
Van De Kamp Cloud Scintillation Model	p. 201
References	p. 203
Problems	p. 204
Rain Fade Mitigation	p. 207
Power Restoral Techniques	p. 207
Beam Diversity	p. 208
Power Control	p. 209
Site Diversity	p. 214
Orbit Diversity	p. 232
Signal Modification Restoral Techniques	p. 235
Frequency Diversity	p. 235
Bandwidth Reduction	p. 236
Time-Delayed Transmission Diversity	p. 236
Adaptive Coding and Modulation	p. 236
Summary	p. 237
References	p. 237
Problems	p. 238
The Composite Link	p. 241
Frequency Translation (FT) Satellite	p. 243
Uplink	p. 243
Downlink	p. 244
Composite Carrier-to-Noise Ratio	p. 245
Performance Implications	p. 249
Path Losses and Link Performance	p. 250
On-Board Processing (OBP) Satellite	p. 255
OBP Uplink and Downlink	p. 255
Composite OBP Performance	p. 256
Comparison of FT and OBP Performance	p. 258
Intermodulation Noise	p. 261
Link Design Summary	p. 263
References	p. 264
Problems	p. 264
Satellite Multiple Access	p. 267
Frequency Division Multiple Access	p. 270
PCM/TDM/PSK/FDMA	p. 271
PCM/SCPC/PSK/FDMA	p. 273
Time Division Multiple Access	p. 274
PCM/TDM/PSK/TDMA	p. 276
TDMA Frame Efficiency	p. 277
TDMA Capacity	p. 278
Satellite Switched TDMA	p. 281
Code Division Multiple Access	p. 284
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum	p. 287
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum	p. 291
CDMA Processing Gain	p. 292
CDMA Capacity	p. 294
References	p. 296
Problems	p. 296
The Mobile Satellite Channel	p. 299
Mobile Channel Propagation	p. 300
Reflection	p. 301
Diffraction	p. 301
Scattering	p. 302
Narrowband Channel	p. 304
Path Loss Factor	p. 307
Shadow Fading	p. 310
Multipath Fading	p. 317
Blockage	p. 324
Mixed Propagation Conditions	p. 329
Wideband Channel	p. 332
Multi-Satellite Mobile Links	p. 334
Uncorrelated Fading	p. 334
Correlated Fading	p. 336
References	p. 338
Satellite Signal Processing Elements	p. 339
Analog Systems	p. 340
Analog Baseband Formatting	p. 340
Analog Source Combining	p. 342
Analog Modulation	p. 343
Digital Baseband Formatting	p. 347
Digital Source Combining	p. 352
Digital Carrier Modulation	p. 353
Binary Phase Shift Keying	p. 356
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying	p. 359
Higher Order Phase Modulation	p. 361
Summary	p. 362
References	p. 362
Error Functions and Bit Error Rate	p. 363
Error Functions	p. 363
Approximation for BER	p. 365
Index	p. 367
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