Scanning Probe Microscopy

by Tomczak, Nikodem; Goh, Kuan Eng Johnson

• ISBN13: 9789814324762
• ISBN10: 9814324760
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-12-15
• Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Inc

Summary

Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) is the enabling tool for nano(bio)technology, which has opened new vistas in many interdisciplinary research areas. Concomitant with the developments in SPM instrumentation and techniques are new and previously unthought-of opportunities in materials nanofabrication and characterisation. In particular, the developments in addressing and manipulating matter at the level of single atoms or molecules, and studies of biological materials (e.g. live cells, or cell membranes) result in new and exciting discoveries. The rising importance of SPM demands a concise treatment in the form of a book which is accessible to interdisciplinary practitioners. This book highlights recent advances in the field of SPM with sufficient depth and breadth to provide an intellectually stimulating overview of the current state of the art. The book is based on a set of carefully selected original works from renowned contributors on topics that range from atom technology, scanning tunneling spectroscopy of self-assembled nanostructures, SPM probe fabrication, scanning force microscopy applications in biology and materials science down to the single molecule level, novel scanning probe techniques, and nanolithography. The variety of topics underlines the strong interdisciplinary character of SPM related research and the combined expertise of the contributors gives a unique opportunity to discuss possible future trends in SPM related research. This makes the book not merely a collection of already published material but an enlightening insight into cutting edge research and global SPM research trends.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Nanotip Technology for Scanning Probe Microscopy	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Field Electron Microscope (FEM) and Tip Characterization	p. 4
Field Ion Microscopy (FIM)	p. 7
Preparation and Characterization of an Atomically Clean Tip in an FIM	p. 10
Brief Review of Previous Nanotip Fabrication Methods	p. 13
Field-surface melting method and build-up method	p. 13
Deposition of an external metal atom on tips sharpened by ion sputtering	p. 14
Pd-coated tungsten single atom apex	p. 14
Field-enhanced diffusion growth technique	p. 15
Mechanisms of Nitrogen Adsorption on Metal Surfaces	p. 15
Controlled Field-Assisted Etching Method for Tip Sharpening	p. 19
Experimental setup and results	p. 19
Tip apex modeling and nanotip reconstruction	p. 23
Controllability and reproducibility of the technique	p. 26
Field Emission Characteristics of Single Atom Tips	p. 28
Applications of Nanotips in Scanning Probe Microscopy and Future Trends	p. 29
Conclusion	p. 30
In Situ STM Studies of Molecular Self-Assembly on Surfaces	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
Self-assembly on surface nanotemplates or nanostructured surfaces	p. 38
Self-assembled 2D molecular nanostructures via directional noncovalent or covalent intermolecular interactions	p. 39
In Situ Ultrahigh Vacuum Scanning Tunneling Microscopy	p. 40
Self-Assembled C60 Nanostructures on Molecular Surface Nanotemplates	p. 40
Hydrogen-Bonded 2D Binary Molecular Networks	p. 46
Conclusion and Perspectives	p. 49
Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy on Hybrid Metal/Organic/Semiconductor Interfaces	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
General Introduction to Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy	p. 59
BEEM in Hybrid Metal/Organic/Semiconductor Devices	p. 62
Chemisorbed molecule	p. 62
Physisorbed molecule	p. 64
BEEM on Hybrid Au/Pentacene/n-Si Interfaces	p. 64
Density plots of barrier height and transmission	p. 66
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 69
Force-Extension Behavior of Single Polymer Chains by AFM	p. 75
Introduction	p. 76
AFM-Based Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy (SMFS)	p. 77
Elasticity of Individual Macromolecules	p. 80
Fitting the theoretical models to the experimental data	p. 83
Single Chain AFM Force Spectroscopy of Stimulus-Responsive Polymers	p. 85
Single chain behavior of stimulus-responsive polymers	p. 85
Single molecule optomechanical cycle	p. 94
Realization of a redox-driven single macromolecule motor	p. 96
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 98
Probing Human Disease States Using Atomic Force Microscopy	p. 107
AFM as an Imaging Tool for Biological Applications	p. 108
Basic and advanced imaging modes	p. 108
Current state of technical developments for biological applications	p. 110
AFM imaging study of malaria and Babesia-infected red blood cells	p. 113
Malaria pathology: surface morphology as an indicator of the disease state and association with pathology	p. 113
Methods and results	p. 113
Discussion	p. 114
AFM imaging study of other diseases	p. 115
AFM as a Force-Sensing Tool (Nano- and Micromechanical Property Measurements Using AFM)	p. 117
Force measurement and property-mapping techniques	p. 117
Nanoindentation of cancer cells as an example	p. 119
Background	p. 119
Method and results	p. 119
Discussion	p. 122
General applications in disease studies using AFM-based force spectroscopy and nanoindentation techniques	p. 122
Outlook and Insights	p. 123
Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquids	p. 129
Introduction	p. 130
Introduction to Conducting Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM)	p. 133
Analysis of C-AFM Data	p. 134
Boundary Lubrication Studies Using C-AFM	p. 137
Squeeze-out of Confined Branched Molecules	p. 143
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 147
Dynamic Force Microscopy in Liquid Media	p. 153
Introduction	p. 154
Instrumentation for Operation in Liquid	p. 155
Cantilever readout	p. 156
Effects of laser coherence	p. 157
Effect of the laser numerical aperture	p. 159
Characterization of noise levels	p. 160
Cantilever excitation	p. 162
Resonance tracking	p. 167
Self-excitation	p. 167
Excitation by a phase-locked loop	p. 168
Frequency modulation vs. phase modulation	p. 170
Application Examples	p. 171
Molecular resolution imaging of self-assembled monolayers	p. 171
Spectroscopy and structure of the liquid-solid interface	p. 173
Crystalline structure of n-dodecanol on graphite	p. 174
Dissipation	p. 177
Role of tip shape	p. 181
Outlook: From Simple Organics to Biology	p. 183
Fabrication of Bio- and Nanopatterns by Dip Pen Nanolithography	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
Biomolecules	p. 189
DNA	p. 189
Proteins	p. 189
Enzymes	p. 191
In situ growth of peptides	p. 191
Other biomolecules	p. 192
Variant Possibility of DPN	p. 193
Nanoparticles	p. 193
CNTs	p. 194
Extension of DPN Capability	p. 195
Electrochemistry	p. 195
ôClickö chemistry	p. 195
Photomask	p. 196
Modification of DPN probes	p. 197
Higher Throughput	p. 197
Parallel DPN	p. 197
Polymer pen lithography	p. 198
Conclusion	p. 199
Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nano-Oxidation	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
Mechanism of Nano-oxidation	p. 207
Materials Used in Nano-oxidation	p. 208
Spreading Modes of OH-Oxidants	p. 209
Aspect Ratio of Nano-oxide	p. 212
Media Used for Nano-oxidation	p. 214
Physichemical Properties of Nano-oxide	p. 216
Applications of Nano-oxidation	p. 217
Concluding Remarks	p. 218
Nanolithography of Organic Films Using Scanning Probe Microscopy	p. 223
Introduction	p. 223
Principles of AFM lithography	p. 225
Mechanical probe nanolithography	p. 226
Nanofabrication using self-assembled monolayers	p. 227
Scanning probe anodization	p. 228
Thermomechanical writing	p. 228
Dip pen nanolithography	p. 229
Biased probe nanolithography	p. 231
Electrostatic nanolithography	p. 231
Electrochemical nanolithography	p. 238
Nanopatterning of PVK films	p. 238
Nanopatterning of carbazole monomer	p. 241
Conductive and thermal properties of patterned films	p. 242
Nanopatterning of electroactive copolymer film	p. 243
Applications and Challenges of AFM Nanolithography	p. 247
Index	p. 255
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