The Science and Engineering of Materials

by ASKELAND/PHULE

• ISBN13: 9780534953737
• ISBN10: 0534953735
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: CL Engineering

Summary

This text provides an understanding of the relationship between structure, processing, and properties of materials. By selecting the appropriate topics from this wealth of material, instructors can emphasize metals, provide a general overview of materials, concentrate on mechanical behavior, or focus on physical properties. Since the book has more material than is needed for a one-semester course, students will also have a useful reference for subsequent courses in manufacturing, materials, design, or materials selection.

Table of Contents

Part I: ATOMIC STRUCTURE, ARRANGEMENT, AND MOVEMENT

1. Introduction To Materials

Introduction

Types of Materials

Structure-Property-Processing Relationship

Environmental Effects on Material Behavior

Materials Design and Selection

2. Atomic Structure

Introduction

The Structure of the Atom

The Electronic Structure of the Atom

Atomic Bonding

Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing

3. Atomic Arrangement

Introduction

Short-Range Order Versus Long-Range Order

Unit Cells

Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations

Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell

Interstitial Sites

Ionic Crystals

Covalent Structures

X-ray Diffraction

4. Imperfections In The Atomic Arrangement

Introduction

Dislocations

Significance of Dislocations

Schmid's Law

Influence of Crystal Structure

Point Defects

Surface Defects

Control of the Slip Process

5. Atom Movement In Materials

Introduction

Stability of Atoms

Diffusion Mechanisms

Activation Energy for Diffusion

Rate of Diffusion (Fick's First Law)

Composition Profile (Fick's Second Law)

Diffusion and Materials Processing

Part II

CONTROLLING THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

6. Mechanical Testing And Properties

Introduction

The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram

Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test

The Bend Test for Brittle Materials

True Stress-True Strain

The Hardness Test: Its Nature and Use

The Impact Test

Properties Obtained from the Impact Test

Fracture Toughness

The Importance of Fracture Mechanics

The Fatigue Test

Results of the Fatigue Test

Application of Fatigue Testing

The Creep Test

Use of Creep Data

7. Strain Hardening And Annealing

Introduction

Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve

Strain-Hardening Mechanisms

Properties Versus Percent Cold Work

Microstructure and Residual Stresses

Characteristics of Cold Working

The Three Stages of Annealing

Control of Annealing

Annealing and Materials Processing

Hot Working

Superplastic Forming

8. Principles Of Solidification Strengthening And Processing

Introduction

Nucleation

Growth

Solidification Time and Dendrite Size

Cooling Curves

Casting of Ingot Structure

Solidification Polymers

Solidification Defects

Casting Processes

Solidification and Metals Joining

9. Solid Solution Strengthening And Phase Equilibrium

Introduction

Phases and the Unary Phase Diagram

Solubility and Solutions

Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility

Solid Solution Strengthening

Isomorphous Phase Diagrams

Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram

Solidification of a Solid Solution Alloy

Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation

10. Dispersion Strengthening By Solidification

Introduction

Principles of Dispersion Strengthening

Intermetallic Compounds

Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions

The Eutectic Phase Diagram

Strength of Eutectic Alloys

Eutectics and Materials Processing

Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System

Ternary Phase Diagrams

11. Dispersion Strengthening By Phase Transformation And Heat Treatment

Introduction

Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions

Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit

Age Hardening or Precipitation Hardening

Effects of Aging Temperature and Time

Requirements for Age Hardening

Use of Age Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures

The Eutectoid Reaction

Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction

The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering

Part III

ENGINEERING MATERIALS

12. Ferrous Alloys

Introduction

Designation for Steels

Simple Heat Treatments

Isothermal Heat Treatments

Quench and Temper Heat Treatments

Effect of Alloying Elements

Application of Hardenability

Special Steels

Surface Treatments

Weldability of Steel

Stainless Steels

Phase Transformation in Cast Irons

Characteristics and Production of the Cast Irons

13. Nonferrous Alloys

Introduction

Aluminum Alloys

Magnesium Alloys

Beryllium

Copper Alloys

Nickel and Cobalt

Titanium Alloys

Refractory Metals

14. Ceramic Materials

Introduction

The Structure of Crystalline Ceramics

The Structure of Crystalline Silicates

Imperfections in Crystalline Ceramic Structures

The Structure of Ceramic Glasses

Mechanical Failure of Ceramics

Deformation of Ceramics at High Temperatures

Processing and Applications of Ceramic Glasses

Processing and Applications of Glass-Ceramics

Processing and Applications of Clay Products

Processing and Applications of Advanced Ceramics

Refractories

Other Ceramic Materials and Applications

15. Polymers

Introduction

Classification of Polymers

Chain Formation by the Additional Mechanism

Chain Formation by the Condensation Mechanism

Degree of Polymerization

Arrangement of Polymer Chains in Thermoplastics

Deformation and Failure of Thermoplastics

Controlling the Structure and Properties of Thermoplastics

Elastomers (Rubbers)

Thermosetting Polymers

Adhesives

Polymer Additives

Forming of Polymers

16. Composite Materials

Introduction

Dispersion-Strengthened Composites

True Particulate Composites

Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Manufacturing Fibers and Composites

Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications

Laminar Composite Materials

Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites

Sandwich Structures

17. Construction Materials

Introduction

The Structure of Wood

Moisture Content and Density of Wood

Mechanical Properties of Wood

Expansion and Contraction of Wood

Plywood

Concrete Materials

Properties of Concrete

Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete

Asphalt

Part IV

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS

18. Electrical Behavior Of Materials

Introduction

Ohm's Law and Electrical Conductivity

Band Theory

Controlling the Conductivity of Metals

Superconductivity

Conductivity in Other Materials

Intrinsic Semiconductors

Extrinsic Semiconductors

Applications of Semiconductors to Electrical Devices

Manufacture and Fabrication of Semiconductor Devices

Insulators and Dielectric Properties

Dipoles and Polarization

Dielectric Properties and Their Control

Dielectric Properties and Electrical Insulators

Piezoelectricity and Electrostriction

Ferroelectricity

19. Magnetic Behavior Of Materials

Introduction

Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Moments

Magnetization, Permeability, and the Magnetic Field

Interactions Between Magnetic Dipoles and the Magnetic Field

Domain Structure and the Hysteresis Loop

Application of the Magnetization-Field Curve

The Curie Temperature

Magnetic Materials

20. Optical Behavior Of Materials

Introduction

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Examples and Use of Emission Phenomena

Interaction of Photons with a Material

Photonic Systems and Materials

Part V

PROTECTION AGAINST DETERIORATION AND FAILURE OF MATERIALS

21. Corrosion, Wear And Failure - Origin, Detection, And Prevention

Introduction

Chemical Corrosion

Electrochemical Corrosion

The Electrode Potential in Electrochemical Cells

The Corrosion Current and Polarization

Types of Electrochemical Corrosion

Protection Against Electrochemical Corrosion

Microbial Degradation and Biodegradable Polymers

Oxidation and Other Gas Reactions

Wear and Erosion

Determining the Fracture Mechanism in Metal Failures

Fracture in Nonmetallic Materials

Source and Prevention of Failures in Metals

Nondestructive Testing Methods

22. Corrosion and Wear

Appendix A: Selected Physical Properties of Metals

Appendix B: The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements

Appendix C: The Electronic Configuration for Each of the Elements