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9780870815232

An International Sourcebook of Automobile Dependence in Cities, 1960-1990

by ; ; ; ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780870815232

  • ISBN10:

    0870815237

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2000-01-01
  • Publisher: Univ Pr of Colorado
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List Price: $166.66

Summary

This sourcebook provides the most comprehensive set of time series data and analyses on these important subjects that is available today. It spans 46 cities in the US, Australia, Canada, Europe and Asia, covering the widest possible range of data on the land use and transportation systems, energy use, and economic and environmental impacts of transportation that has been assembled to date. It also contains a set of coloured maps for each city outlining territorial boundaries, the extent of urbanisation, and all rail, busway and freeway systems. A must for every individual and organisation wanting to better understand and respond to the urban transportation debate.

Table of Contents

List of Tables
ix
List of Figures
xi
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction
1(8)
Background
1(2)
Perspectives on Developing the Data
3(2)
Data gathering and the timeliness of the book
3(1)
Resourcing the project: funds and personnel
4(1)
Urban Data Collection: Possible Futures
5(1)
Focus of the Book
6(1)
Structure of the Book
7(2)
International Urban Data Collection: A Methodological Review
9(44)
Introduction
9(1)
Data Structure and Approaches to Urban Data Assembly
10(5)
Overall structure of the data
10(1)
Achieving data comparability
11(2)
Readily available data
13(1)
Data requiring adaptation
14(1)
Modelled data
14(1)
Non-comparable data
14(1)
The Indicators Covered by the Original Newman and Kenworthy Dataset: An Overview
15(3)
Population and area
15(1)
Employment and its location
16(1)
Parking supply in the central business district (CBD)
16(1)
Road network length
17(1)
Motor vehicles on register
17(1)
Journey-to-work characteristics
17(1)
Private transportation performance and energy use
18(1)
Public transportation performance and energy use
18(1)
The Cities
18(3)
The Special Indicators on the Economy and Environment of Cities
21(5)
Indicators of transportation efficiency in 37 global cities
21(1)
Items developing out of data included in the original set of data in Cities and Automobile Dependence (Items 1 to 4)
22(1)
Items describing environmental amenity and other external costs (Items 5 and 6)
22(1)
Economic indicators (Items 7 to 9)
22(1)
Condition of road infrastructure (Item 10)
23(1)
Methodology used to provide the additional indicators: An overview
23(1)
Mode split for the journey-to-work
23(1)
Energy efficiency by mode of transportation
23(1)
Journey-to-work trip length
24(1)
Journey-to-work trip time
24(1)
Transportation deaths
24(1)
Transportation emissions
24(1)
Road expenditure
24(1)
Percentage of GRP spent on the journey-to-work
24(1)
Public transportation cost recovery
25(1)
Data Definitions, Standards and Problems
26(25)
Territorial boundaries
26(1)
Metropolitan area
26(1)
Introduction
26(1)
Overview of national data
26(1)
Individual city definitions
27(5)
Inner city
32(3)
Central Business District (CBD)
35(2)
Outer area
37(1)
Population and area data
38(1)
Population
38(1)
Urbanised area
38(1)
Employment data
38(1)
Parking supply in the central business district
39(1)
Road network
40(1)
Motor vehicles on register
40(1)
Private transportation indicators
41(1)
Vehicle Kilometres Travelled
41(1)
Average Occupancy
42(1)
Average Road Network Speed
43(1)
Transportation energy use
43(1)
Modal split for the journey-to-work
43(1)
Average trip lengths
44(1)
Public transportation indicators
45(1)
Vehicle kilometeres
45(1)
Passenger trips
45(1)
Average trip length or passenger kilometres
45(1)
Average speed
46(1)
Energy consumption
46(1)
Journey-to-work travel time
46(1)
Primary data required for the items describing aspects of environmental amenity
47(1)
Total deaths
47(1)
Total deaths from transportation causes
47(1)
CO2 emissions from transportation
47(2)
Other air pollutant emissions from transportation
49(1)
Economic indicators
49(1)
Currency conversion factors
49(1)
Road expenditure
50(1)
Capital and variable cost of driving
50(1)
Public transportation finances
50(1)
Gross regional product
51(1)
Cost of travel time
51(1)
Conclusion
51(2)
Land use, Transportation and Energy in 46 International cities: Primary Data and Maps
53(362)
Chapter Overview
53(3)
The data
53(2)
The maps
55(1)
A Final Word on The Primary Data
56(1)
Primary Data and Maps for the 46 Cities
57(358)
Adelaide
59(8)
Amsterdam
67(8)
Bangkok
75(8)
Boston
83(8)
Brisbane
91(8)
Brussels
99(8)
Calgary
107(8)
Canberra
115(6)
Chicago
121(8)
Copenhagen
129(8)
Denver
137(6)
Detroit
143(6)
Edmonton
149(6)
Frankfurt
155(8)
Hamburg
163(8)
Hong Kong
171(8)
Houston
179(6)
Jakarta
185(8)
Kuala Lumpur
193(8)
London
201(8)
Los Angeles
209(6)
Manila
215(8)
Melbourne
223(8)
Montreal
231(10)
Munich
241(8)
New York
249(10)
Ottawa
259(8)
Paris
267(8)
Perth
275(8)
Phoenix
283(6)
Portland
289(8)
Sacramento
297(8)
San Diego
305(8)
San Francisco
313(8)
Seoul
321(8)
Singapore
329(8)
Stockholm
337(10)
Surabaya
347(6)
Sydney
353(8)
Tokyo
361(8)
Toronto
369(8)
Vancouver
377(8)
Vienna
385(8)
Washington
393(8)
Winnipeg
401(6)
Zurich
407(8)
Land Use, Transportation and Energy in 46 International Cities: Standardised Data
415(112)
Chapter Overview
415(4)
Introduction
415(1)
The standardised data
416(1)
Urban form
416(1)
Private transportation
416(1)
Public transportation
417(1)
Summary
418(1)
Standardised Data for the 46 Cities
419(108)
Adelaide
421(2)
Amsterdam
423(2)
Bangkok
425(4)
Boston
429(2)
Brisbane
431(2)
Brussels
433(2)
Calgary
435(2)
Canberra
437(2)
Chicago
439(2)
Copenhagen
441(2)
Denver
443(2)
Detroit
445(2)
Edmonton
447(2)
Frankfurt
449(2)
Hamburg
451(2)
Hong Kong
453(2)
Houston
455(2)
Jakarta
457(4)
Kuala Lumpur
461(4)
London
465(2)
Los Angeles
467(2)
Manila
469(4)
Melbourne
473(2)
Montreal
475(2)
Munich
477(2)
New York
479(2)
Ottawa
481(2)
Paris
483(2)
Perth
485(2)
Phoenix
487(2)
Portland
489(2)
Sacramento
491(2)
San Diego
493(2)
San Francisco
495(2)
Seoul
497(4)
Singapore
501(2)
Stockholm
503(4)
Surabaya
507(4)
Sydney
511(2)
Tokyo
513(2)
Toronto
515(2)
Vancouver
517(2)
Vienna
519(2)
Washington
521(2)
Winnipeg
523(2)
Zurich
525(2)
Automobile Dependence in 46 International Cities: An Overview of the Results
527(70)
Introduction
527(1)
Transportation Patterns
528(12)
Preamble
528(1)
Vehicle ownership and use
528(4)
Modal split for the journey-to-work
532(1)
Private passenger transportation energy use
533(3)
Public transportation service and use
536(4)
Transportation Infrastructure Patterns
540(7)
Road infrastructure provision
541(2)
Rail infrastructure provision
543(1)
Roads versus transit provision
544(1)
Parking provision in the CBD
544(2)
Congestion and travel speeds
546(1)
Urban Form Patterns
547(22)
Metropolitan density
547(3)
Metropolitan employment density
550(3)
Central city population density
553(1)
Inner area population density
554(3)
Outer area population density
557(1)
Job densities-CBD to outer outer areas
557(3)
The significance of the CBDs and inner areas in the global sample of cities
560(1)
CBD population
560(1)
Inner area population
560(2)
CBD and inner area employment
562(2)
Activity intensity
564(4)
Trends data: A summary
568(1)
Clustering the Cities According to Automobile Dependence
569(3)
Correlation Analyses
572(17)
Introduction
572(1)
Specifying the correlations
572(7)
Correlations with urban structure
579(1)
Urban form and private transportation/energy variables
580(1)
Urban form and transportation infrastructure/congestion
581(1)
Urban form and public transportation
581(1)
Correlations between the transportation characteristics and energy
582(1)
Interrelationships among the private transportation variables
582(2)
Correlations between private transportation and energy variables
584(1)
Correlations between private transporation and public transportation
584(1)
Intercorrelations between the energy variables and between the energy and public transportation variables
584(1)
Intercorrelations between the public transportation variables
585(1)
Summary of correlation analyses: Causality between variables
586(1)
Spurious correlation
586(3)
Chapter Summary and Conclusions
589(8)
Broad global patterns of automobile dependence
589(2)
Trends in transportation, 1980 to 1990
591(2)
Trends in land use, 1980 to 1990
593(2)
Closing remark: A ``science of cities'' and public policy towards the automobile
595(2)
An International Overview of some Economic and Environmental Implications of Urban Transportation
597(42)
Introduction
597(1)
Energy Use by Mode of Transportation
598(6)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
602(2)
Air Pollution and Transportation Fatalities
604(5)
Smog emissions
605(2)
Transportation deaths
607(2)
Characteristics of the Journey-to-Work
609(5)
Journey-to-work trip distance, time and average speed
609(1)
Journey-to-work trip distance
609(3)
Journey-to-work trip time
612(1)
Journey-to work trip speed
612(1)
Modal split for the journey-to-work
613(1)
Economic Indicators of Urban Transportation
614(13)
Explanatory notes
614(1)
Car use, the costs of travel and the wealth of cities
615(5)
Road expenditure
620(2)
The proportion of a city's wealth spent on commuting
622(2)
Transit operating cost recovery
624(1)
The cost of bikes, travel time and transit
625(2)
Correlation Analyses
627(8)
Urban form, transportation economics and environmental externalities
628(1)
Urban density and the cost of transit
628(1)
Urban density and the cost of transportation overall
629(1)
Urban density and road expenditure
629(1)
Urban density and air pollution
629(1)
Urban density and transportation deaths
629(1)
Other urban form correlations
630(1)
Urban transportation economics, transportation patterns, energy use, and environmental externalities
630(1)
Public transportation cost correlated with other factors
630(1)
Gross regional product's correlations with other factors
630(3)
Road spending's correlation with other factors
633(1)
Private transportation and the environment
633(1)
Air pollution correlations
633(1)
Transportation death correlations
634(1)
Transportation energy use and the environment
634(1)
Public transportation and the environment
634(1)
Correlations among the environment variables
635(1)
Conclusions
635(4)
Conclusions
639(4)
What future for international comparative urban research
639(3)
Concluding remarks
642(1)
References 643(6)
Appendix 1 Rail Infrastructure Data 649(2)
Appendix 2 Data Sources 651

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