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9780195216028

Voices of the Poor; Volume 2: Crying Out for Change

by ; ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780195216028

  • ISBN10:

    0195216024

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2000-10-12
  • Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
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List Price: $15.00

Summary

This book is based on the realities and opinions of poor people. It draws upon research conducted in 1999 involving over 20,000 poor women and men from over 23 countries. Despite very different political, social and economic contexts, there are striking similarities in poor people's experiences. The common theme underlying poor people's experiences is one of powerlessness. Many of the respondents feel they are worse off and more insecure than in the past. Their descriptions of encounters with, and views on, a range of institutions, both governmental and nongovernmental, is cause for policy makers and others to rethink their intervention strategies.

Table of Contents

Foreword xv
Perspectives of the Poor
1(20)
Summary
1(1)
Introduction
2(1)
Origin of the Study
3(1)
The Study Process
3(5)
An Evolving Framework
4(1)
Focus of the Study
4(1)
Country Selection
5(1)
Site Selection: Representativeness
6(2)
Experiences in the Field
8(10)
The Pressure of Time
8(1)
Establishing Trust
9(1)
Unprepared to Deal with Loss, Grief and Anger
10(1)
Participatory Methods: What Worked and What Did Not
11(4)
Data Analyses
15(1)
Ethics of Participatory Methods
16(2)
Challenges in Writing This Book
18(3)
Wellbeing and Illbeing: The Good and the Bad Life
21(25)
Summary
21(1)
Wellbeing Is Multidimensional
22(1)
Wellbeing: The Good Life
22(1)
How Poor People Put It
22(2)
Materially, Enough for a Good Life Is Not a Lot
24(5)
Material Wellbeing: Having Enough
25(1)
Bodily Wellbeing: Being and Appearing Well
26(1)
Social Wellbeing
26(1)
Security
27(1)
Freedom of Choice and Action
28(1)
Diversity by Context and Person
29(1)
Wealth and Wellbeing Are Different
30(1)
Illbeing: The Bad Life
31(1)
The Multidimensionality of Illbeing
31(6)
Material Lack and Want
31(3)
Physical Illbeing
34(1)
Bad Social Relations: Exclusion, Rejection, Isolation and Loneliness
35(1)
Insecurity, Vulnerability, Worry and Fear
36(1)
Powerlessness, Helplessness, Frustration and Anger
36(1)
Psychological Experience of Wellbeing and Illbeing
37(1)
The Experience of Wellbeing: Peace of Mind, Happiness and Harmony
37(1)
The Experience of Illbeing: Humiliation, Shame, Anguish and Grief
38(4)
Humiliation, Shame and Stigma
38(1)
Anguish, Loss and Grief
39(3)
The Illbeing of Children
42(1)
Reflections
42(4)
The Struggle for Livelihoods
46(25)
Summary
46(1)
Poor People's Priority
46(1)
Rural Livelihoods: Producing amid Scarcity
46(7)
Access to Land
47(1)
Diminishing Inputs and Returns
48(1)
Few Institutional Supports
49(1)
Common Property Resources under Stress
50(1)
Migration and Remittances
51(2)
Diversified Livelihoods in Cities and Countryside
53(3)
Getting Hired---Connections Needed
54(1)
Lawlessness on the Job
54(1)
Seasonal Fluctuations
55(1)
Money in Short Supply
56(3)
Informal Credit
56(2)
Formal Credit and Banks
58(1)
Livelihoods That Steal the Future
59(3)
Limited Opportunities
62(6)
Where Life Is Better
63(1)
Individual Breakthroughs
64(4)
The Challenge of Livelihoods
68(3)
Places of the Poor
71(18)
Summary
71(1)
Introduction
72(1)
The Missing Basics
72(9)
Water---Inadequate and Unsafe
72(3)
Isolation and Poor Access
75(3)
Bad Housing and Shelter
78(1)
Energy Scarcity
78(2)
No Sanitation---Filth and Stench
80(1)
The Politics of Infrastructure and Place
81(3)
Trapped in Poor Places
84(4)
Environmental Risks
84(1)
Seasonal Stress: Worst at Bad Times
85(1)
Insecurity and Stigma
86(1)
Catastrophic for Children
87(1)
The Challenge of Poor Places
88(1)
The Body
89(20)
Summary
89(1)
Introduction
90(1)
How the Body Looks and Feels
90(5)
Physical Appearance
91(1)
Hunger
91(1)
Exhaustion: Poverty of Energy and Time
92(1)
Sickness of Body and Mind
93(2)
The Body as an Asset
95(3)
Body Blows: How Injury, Illness and Their Costs Impoverish
98(2)
Troubles with Treatment
100(5)
Lacking Physical Access and Medicines
101(1)
Time Spent
101(1)
Financial Costs
102(1)
The Behavior of Medical and Health Staff
103(1)
Poor Quality
104(1)
Positive Experiences
105(2)
Private Treatment
107(1)
The Challenge
107(2)
Gender Relations in Troubled Transition
109(24)
Summary
109(1)
Introduction
110(1)
Changing Gender Roles and Responsibilities
111(8)
Diversification of Women's Work
111(3)
Increased Work Burden of Women
114(1)
Household Gender Roles: A Blurred Divide
115(1)
Decisionmaking at the Household Level
116(2)
Male Frustration, Anxiety and Sense of Inferiority
118(1)
Domestic Abuse and Violence
119(12)
Definitions of Domestic Abuse and Violence
120(2)
Causes of Domestic Abuse and Violence
122(2)
Changes in Levels of Domestic Violence
124(7)
The Opportunity and Challenge
131(2)
Social Illbeing: Left Out and Pushed Down
133(18)
Summary
133(1)
Introduction
134(2)
Who Is Excluded?
134(1)
The Bottom Poor
135(1)
The Basis of Social Exclusion
136(9)
The Stigma of Poverty
136(2)
Lack of Money and Power
138(1)
Ethnic, Linguistic, Racial and Cultural Isolation
139(1)
Physical, Mental and Health Disabilities
140(1)
Behaviors outside Community Norms
141(1)
Area Stigma
141(1)
Self-Exclusion
142(1)
The Exclusion of Women
143(2)
Changes in Social Cohesion
145(4)
Strained Social Relations and Reduced Collective Action
146(1)
What Brings People Together?
147(2)
The Opportunity and Challenge
149(2)
Anxiety, Fear and Insecurities
151(28)
Summary
151(1)
Introduction
152(1)
What Does Security Mean to Poor People?
152(1)
Trends and Patterns
153(2)
Regional Trends in Security
154(1)
Gender Differences
154(1)
Types of Insecurity
155(20)
Survival and Livelihoods
156(1)
Rural: Uncertain Returns to Farming
156(1)
Urban: Insecure Work, No Bargaining Power
157(1)
Natural and Human-Made Disasters
158(1)
Crime and Violence
159(3)
Persecution by Police and Lack of Justice
162(5)
Civil Conflict and War
167(1)
Macropolicy Stresses and Shocks
168(3)
Social Vulnerability
171(4)
Health, Illness and Death
175(1)
In Search of Security
175(4)
The Character of Institutions
179(18)
Summary
179(1)
Introduction
180(1)
Quality of Relationships
181(7)
Trust
181(1)
Participation
182(3)
Accountability
185(2)
Unity and Conflict Resolution
187(1)
Valued Behaviors
188(3)
Respect
189(1)
Honesty and Fairness
189(1)
Listening, Caring, Love and Compassion
190(1)
Hardworking Problem-Solvers
191(1)
Institutional Effectiveness
191(3)
Timely, Responsive and Caring Support
192(1)
Access, Closeness and Contact
193(1)
In Search of Character
194(3)
Governance: Poor People's Scorecards
197(38)
Summary
197(1)
Introduction
198(1)
Institutional Ratings
199(1)
Important Institutions
199(1)
Effective Institutions
200(1)
Ineffective Institutions
200(1)
Governance and Accountability of State Institutions
200(14)
Accountable to Whom?
203(2)
Lack of Responsiveness
205(3)
The Power of Documents
208(1)
Decentralized Governance: Municipalities, Councilors and Mayors
209(2)
Empowerment and Partnership
211(3)
Interactions with Private Enterprise
214(4)
The Power of Industry
214(2)
Shops and Moneylenders
216(2)
Governance and Accountability in Civil Society
218(14)
Community-Based Organizations
219(1)
Local Leadership
220(2)
Churches, Mosques, Temples, Shrines, Trees, Stones and Rivers
222(2)
Nongovernmental Organizations
224(8)
Conclusion
232(3)
Powerless, Trapped in a Many-Stranded Web
235(28)
Summary
235(1)
Trapped and Tied
236(1)
Lack of Capabilities
237(1)
Lack of Information
237(3)
Telephones, Media and Information Technology
239(1)
Lack of Education
240(5)
The Strain of Costly and Distant Schools
241(2)
Children's Labor Needed
243(1)
Problems of Quality and Relevance
244(1)
Lack of Skills
245(1)
Low Self-Confidence and Self-Worth
246(1)
Keeping Poor People Powerless: The Many-Stranded Web
247(1)
The Many-Stranded Web
248(2)
Poor People's Descriptions of Linkages
250(2)
Shocks, Stresses and Sequences
252(3)
Agonizing Choices
255(5)
The Challenge of Powerlessness
260(3)
A Call to Action: The Challenge to Change
263(30)
Summary
263(1)
Introduction
264(1)
The Challenge to Reflect: The Meaning of Development
264(1)
The Challenge to Power: Whose Voice Counts?
265(1)
The Agenda for Change
266(22)
From Material Poverty to Adequate Assests and Livelihoods
267(3)
From Isolation and Poor Infrasturcture to Access and Services
270(2)
From Illness and Incapability to Health, Information and Education
272(3)
From Unequal and Troubled Gender Relations to Equity and Harmony
275(3)
From Fear and Lack of Protection to Peace and Security
278(3)
From Exclusion and Importence to Inclusion, Organization and Empowerment
281(3)
From Corruption and Abuse to Honesty and Fair Treatment
284(4)
The Challenge to Change
288(5)
Appendix 1---Study Team and Acknowledgments 293(5)
Appendix 2---Study Countries and Sites 298(8)
Appendix 3---Overview of Study Themes and Methods 306(8)
Appendix 4---About the Authors 314

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