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9781891121258

Radar Cross Sections

by ; ;
  • ISBN13:

    9781891121258

  • ISBN10:

    1891121251

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2003-11-01
  • Publisher: Scitech Pub Inc
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List Price: $150.00

Summary

The leading text and reference on radar cross section (RCS) theory and applications, this work presents a comparison of two radar signal strengths. One is the strength of the radar bean sweeping over a target, the other is the strength of the reflected echo senses by the receiver. This book shows how the RCS "gauge" can be predicted for theoretical objects.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition v
Preface to the First Edition vii
Introduction
1(22)
Overview
1(2)
Radar Systems
3(2)
Electromagnetics
5(2)
RCS Phenomenology
7(2)
Absorbing Materials
9(2)
Measurements
11(2)
Basic Definitions
13(7)
Summary
20(3)
References
21(2)
Radar Fundamentals
23(40)
Introduction
23(1)
History of Radar Development
23(2)
Radar Frequency Bands
25(2)
Radar System Fundamentals
27(17)
Basic Radar System Elements
28(3)
Continuous Wave Radars
31(1)
Pulsed Radar
32(2)
Range Discrimination
34(3)
Angle Discrimination
37(2)
Doppler Discrimination
39(3)
An Instrumentation Radar Example
42(2)
The Radar Range Equation
44(3)
Derivation of the Radar Range Equation
44(2)
The Decibel Scale
46(1)
Radar Detection
47(7)
The Decision Process
47(1)
Noise Statistics
48(1)
Single-Pulse Probability of Detection for a Nonfluctuating Target
49(3)
Pulse Integration
52(1)
Detection of Fluctuating Targets
52(2)
Radar System Performance Examples
54(5)
L Band Surveillance Radar
54(2)
Airborne Interceptor Radar
56(1)
Active Missile Seeker Radar
57(1)
Performance Summary
58(1)
Electronic Countermeasures
59(2)
Summary
61(2)
References
61(2)
Physics and Overview of Electromagnetic Scattering
63(52)
Introduction
63(1)
Radar Cross Section Definition
64(10)
IEEE RCS Definition
64(1)
Intuitive Derivation for Scattering Cross Section
64(4)
Other Cross-Section Concepts
68(3)
Polarization Scattering Matrix
71(3)
Fundamental Scattering Mechanisms
74(8)
Electromagnetic Wave Fundamentals
74(4)
The Scattering Process
78(4)
Scattering Regimes
82(8)
Low-Frequency Scattering
84(4)
Resonant Region Scattering
88(1)
High-Frequency Optics Region
89(1)
Electromagnetic Theory
90(22)
Source Quantities for Fields and Maxwell's Equations
90(6)
Electromagnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials
96(1)
Wave Equation
97(4)
Waves at Boundaries
101(1)
Reflection Coefficients
102(7)
Wave Reflection from Surface Current Point of View
109(1)
Stratton-Chu Equations for the Scattered Field
110(2)
Summary
112(3)
References
113(1)
Select Bibliography
113(2)
Exact Prediction Techniques
115(68)
Introduction
115(1)
Classical Modal Solutions
116(5)
Integral Equation Solutions
121(19)
EM Integral Equations
124(4)
Boundary Conditions
128(1)
Solution Procedures
129(3)
Scattered Fields
132(2)
Example Solutions
134(6)
Phenomenology: Surface Currents, Near Fields, and Imaging
140(20)
Time-Varying Vectors
140(3)
Currents
143(1)
Near Fields
144(9)
Bistatic Image Analysis Using k Space Formulation
153(7)
Differential Equation Solutions
160(14)
Comparisons with High-Frequency Solutions
174(4)
Summary
178(5)
References
181(2)
High-Frequency RCS Prediction Techniques
183(42)
Overview
183(2)
Geometric Optics
185(4)
Physical Optics
189(11)
Geometrical Theory of Diffraction
200(3)
A Uniform Asymptotic Theory
203(3)
The Method of Equivalent Currents
206(3)
The Physical Theory of Diffraction
209(5)
The Incremental Length Diffraction Coefficient
214(2)
The Surface Traveling Wave
216(5)
Summary
221(4)
References
223(2)
Phenomenological Examples of Radar Cross Section
225(44)
Introduction
225(5)
Specular Scattering
230(12)
Surface Waves
242(8)
Diffraction
250(6)
Complex Shapes
256(4)
Natural Targets
260(4)
Summary
264(5)
References
267(2)
Radar Cross Section Reduction
269(28)
Background
269(1)
The Four Basic Methods of RCSR
270(4)
Shaping
271(1)
Radar Absorbing Materials
271(1)
Passive Cancellation
272(1)
Active Cancellation
273(1)
The Penalties of RCSR
273(1)
The RCSR Numbers Game
274(3)
Shaping
277(17)
Shaping Roadmap and Threat Sectors
279(1)
Shaping Goals
279(8)
Other Issues
287(2)
Some Shaping Examples
289(2)
Shaping Rule Summary
291(3)
Summary
294(3)
Radar Absorbing Materials
297(64)
Introduction
297(1)
Electromagnetic Loss Mechanisms
298(2)
Specular Scattering from Dielectric Multilayers
300(13)
Thin-Sheet Characterization Using Ohms per Square
301(2)
Normal Incidence Scattering
303(3)
Oblique Incidence Scattering
306(2)
The Wave Matrix Approach to Scattering
308(2)
An Approximate Scattering Analysis Procedure
310(3)
Dielectric Multilayer Absorber Design and Performance
313(14)
Salisbury Screens and Dallenbach Layers
314(6)
Multilayer Dielectric Absorbers
320(7)
Circuit Analog RAM and Frequency-Selective Surfaces
327(7)
Magnetic RAM
334(5)
Hybrid RAM and Radar Absorbing Structures
339(4)
Nonspecular RAM
343(13)
Magnetic and Dielectric Coatings for Surface Wave Control
344(4)
Tapered Resistive Edge Treatments
348(8)
Summary
356(5)
References
357(4)
Radar Absorber Measurement Techniques
361(46)
Overview
361(3)
Transmission Line Theory
364(9)
Basic Relationships
364(2)
TEM Lines and Waveguides
366(5)
Sample Holders
371(2)
Transmission Line Measurements
373(14)
Open- and Short-Circuit Measurements
373(5)
The Network Analyzer and the Scattering Matrix
378(6)
Time-Domain Reflectometry
384(3)
Free-Space Methods
387(8)
The NRL Arch
388(4)
The RCS Method
392(3)
Other Methods
395(10)
Large Waveguides
395(3)
Interferometers
398(3)
The Admittance Tunnel
401(4)
Summary
405(2)
References
406(1)
Antenna RCS and RCSR
407(42)
Introduction
407(1)
Scattering Fundamentals
408(9)
A Relationship Between Antenna Gain and Antenna RCS
408(2)
Fundamental Antenna Scattering Equations
410(4)
Structural Mode and Antenna Mode Scattering
414(2)
The Minimum Scattering Antenna
416(1)
Antenna Scattering Characteristics
417(17)
Horn Antennas
418(4)
Reflector Antennas
422(4)
Spiral Antennas
426(2)
Microstrip Antennas
428(4)
Array Antennas
432(2)
Antenna RCSR
434(11)
Frequency-Selective Surfaces
434(3)
Antenna Mode RCSR
437(6)
Structural Mode RCSR
443(2)
Summary
445(4)
References
446(3)
RCS Measurement Requirements
449(36)
Measurement Objectives
449(2)
Types of RCS Measurements
451(7)
The Farfield Requirements
458(4)
Great Circle versus Conical Cuts
462(3)
Target Support Structures
465(8)
Target-Ground Interactions
473(6)
Calibration
479(3)
Summary
482(3)
References
483(2)
Outdoor RCS Test Ranges
485(38)
Overview
485(1)
Instrumentation
486(7)
The Ground-Plane Effect
493(6)
Effect of the Antenna Pattern
499(5)
Ground Reflection Coefficient
504(4)
Passive Clutter and Multipath Reduction
508(2)
Defeating the Ground Plane
510(2)
Examples of Past and Existing Ranges
512(9)
Summary
521(2)
References
522(1)
Indoor RCS Ranges
523(24)
Introduction
523(1)
Chamber Design
524(8)
Chamber Geometry
525(3)
RAM for Anechoic Chamber Applications
528(4)
Compact Ranges
532(7)
Theory of Operation
533(2)
Reflector Options
535(3)
Operating Limitations
538(1)
Instrumentation
539(3)
Range Operation
542(2)
Summary
544(3)
References
544(3)
Hip-Pocket RCS Estimation, Data Presentation, and Reduction
547(54)
Introduction
547(1)
High-Frequency Scattering by a Complex Target
547(11)
Phasor Addition
558(2)
Hip-Pocket Radar Cross Section Estimation
560(9)
Cylinder Ogive Geometry RCS Estimation
561(4)
Hypothetical Target Estimation
565(4)
Data Reduction
569(4)
RCS Data Requirements
570(3)
RCS Data Presentation Formats
573(11)
RCS Values
574(1)
Polar and Rectangular Plots
575(1)
Regional or Global RCS Displays
575(9)
RCS Data Statistical Averaging
584(8)
Median, Linear, and Geometric Averages
585(4)
Cumulative Averages
589(1)
Standard Deviations, Probability Density Functions, and Cumulative Distribution Functions
589(3)
Artificial Data Example
592(3)
Data Reduction Recipes
595(4)
Summary
599(2)
References
600(1)
Index 601

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