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9780521603218

Groundwater in Geologic Processes

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780521603218

  • ISBN10:

    0521603218

  • Edition: 2nd
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2006-05-29
  • Publisher: Cambridge University Press

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Summary

The second edition of this well received and widely adopted textbook has been extensively revised to provide a more comprehensive treatment of hydromechanics (the coupling of groundwater flow and deformation), to incorporate findings from the substantial body of research published since the first edition, and to include three new chapters on compaction and diagenesis, metamorphism, and subsea hydrogeology. The opening section develops basic theory of groundwater motion, fluid-solid mechanical interaction, solute transport, and heat transport. The second section applies flow, hydromechanics, and transport theory in a generalized geologic context, and focuses on particular geologic processes and environments. A systematic presentation of theory and application coupled with problem sets to conclude each chapter make this text ideal for use by advanced undergraduate and graduate-level hydrogeologists and geologists. It also serves as an invaluable reference for professionals in the field.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xviii
List of symbols
xx
Groundwater flow
1(37)
Darcy's law
2(8)
The limits of Darcy's law
4(2)
Driving forces for groundwater flow
6(4)
Crustal permeability
10(14)
Permeability versus porosity
10(2)
Heterogeneity and anisotropy
12(3)
Scale dependence
15(3)
Depth dependence
18(3)
Time dependence
21(1)
Some limiting values
22(2)
Conceptualizing groundwater systems
24(2)
The continuum approach
26(2)
The groundwater flow equation
28(10)
Conservation of mass
28(3)
The storage term
31(2)
Various forms of the groundwater flow equation
33(3)
Problems
36(2)
Hydromechanical coupling
38(51)
Hydromechanical equations
39(27)
Elastic strain
43(2)
Effective stress
45(5)
Constitutive law for poroelasticity
50(2)
Force equilibrium and the equations of poroelastic deformation
52(4)
The groundwater flow equation for poroelastic media
56(5)
Coupling flow and deformation in poroelastic media
61(5)
Inelastic deformation and finite strain
66(10)
Deformation in geologic processes
67(8)
Additional complexities of geologic deformation
75(1)
Uncertainty in hydromechanical descriptions
76(4)
Uncertain constitutive laws for deformation
76(3)
Uncertain boundary and initial conditions
79(1)
Pragmatism in analysis: useful simplifications
80(6)
Purely vertical strain
80(3)
Numerical tricks and extensions of poroelasticity
83(1)
Porosity and stress gradients as indicators of long-term strain
84(2)
Understanding hydromechanical phenomena
86(3)
Problems
87(2)
Solute transport
89(35)
Governing equations
89(12)
Molecular diffusion
90(2)
Advection
92(1)
Mechanical dispersion
93(3)
Mass-balance equation
96(1)
Chemical reactions
97(2)
Initial and boundary conditions
99(2)
Numerical solution techniques
101(3)
Density-driven flow
104(1)
Multicomponent diffusion
105(3)
Multicomponent reactive transport
108(11)
Rate-based reactions
111(2)
Surface reactions
113(1)
Homogeneous reactions
114(2)
Heterogeneous reactions
116(1)
Solution algorithms
117(2)
Ultrafiltration
119(1)
The role of microbes
120(4)
Problems
122(2)
Heat transport
124(33)
Governing equations
124(15)
Pressure and enthalpy as dependent variables
125(4)
Statements of mass and energy conservation
129(2)
A form of Darcy's law for two-phase flow of compressible fluids
131(2)
Conductive heat flux
133(1)
One-dimensional forms of the governing equations
134(1)
Extending the governing equations to three dimensions
135(1)
Assumptions
136(2)
Fluid properties
138(1)
Numerical solution
139(1)
Initial and boundary conditions
139(2)
Temperature-based formulations
141(2)
One-dimensional groundwater flow
143(5)
Steady vertical flow
143(3)
Flow in a confined aquifer or fault zone
146(2)
Dimensionless numbers
148(3)
Nusselt number
148(1)
Peclet number
149(1)
Rayleigh number
150(1)
Buoyancy-driven flow
151(1)
Heat pipes
152(1)
Conversion of gravitational potential energy to heat
153(4)
Problems
155(2)
Regional-scale flow and transport
157(36)
Regional groundwater flow
158(1)
Anomalous fluid pressures
159(9)
Geologic forcing
161(2)
Elevated fluid pressures
163(1)
Hydraulic fracturing
164(1)
The Gulf Coast
165(3)
Regional-scale solute transport
168(9)
Groundwater age
168(4)
Large-scale dispersion
172(2)
Evolution of regional groundwater chemistry
174(3)
Regional-scale heat transfer
177(16)
The conductive regime in sedimentary basins
177(2)
Thermal effects of groundwater flow in sedimentary basins
179(2)
Some case studies of sedimentary basins
181(3)
An example from volcanic terrane
184(3)
The stress -- heat flow paradox of the San Andreas fault
187(4)
Problems
191(2)
Ore deposits
193(27)
Mississippi Valley type deposits
194(11)
Evidence for regional-scale brine migration
195(2)
The role of brines
197(1)
Controls on ore deposition
198(1)
Driving forces for fluid flow
199(3)
Unresolved issues with United States MVTs
202(1)
The Irish ``MVTs''
203(2)
Other stratiform base-metal deposits
205(2)
Sediment-hosted uranium
207(6)
Redox control of uranium solubility
207(1)
Tabular uranium deposits
208(1)
Unconformity-type uranium deposits
208(5)
Mineralization through in situ diagenesis
213(7)
Supergene enrichment of porphyry copper
213(3)
Colombian emeralds
216(2)
Problems
218(2)
Hydrocarbons
220(27)
Thermal maturation
221(5)
The oil window
221(1)
Groundwater flow and the thermal regime
222(4)
Migration
226(4)
Capillary effects
226(1)
Primary migration
227(1)
Secondary migration
228(2)
Entrapment
230(4)
Governing equations for immiscible multiphase flow
234(1)
Case studies
235(6)
The Uinta basin
236(3)
The Los Angeles basin
239(2)
Pressure regimes in hydrocarbon basins
241(4)
Hydrocarbon resources
245(2)
Problems
246(1)
Geothermal processes
247(42)
Crustal heat flow
247(6)
Measurement
248(2)
Lateral and vertical variations
250(2)
Perturbations due to groundwater flow
252(1)
Magmatic--hydrothermal systems
253(14)
Magmatic heat sources
254(2)
Heat transfer from magma to groundwater
256(1)
Fluid circulation near magma bodies
257(3)
Permeabilities in near-magma environments
260(2)
Magnitude and time-variation of hydrothermal discharge
262(5)
Fluid flow and heat transport near the critical point
267(4)
One-dimensional pressure--enthalpy paths
268(2)
Two-dimensional convection
270(1)
Multiphase processes
271(8)
Phase separation
272(1)
Vapor-dominated zones
273(3)
Pressure transmission
276(1)
Boiling point -- depth curves
277(2)
Hot springs
279(2)
Geysers
281(3)
Geothermal resources
284(1)
Hydrothermal ore deposits
285(4)
Problems
287(2)
Earthquakes
289(36)
Effective stress
290(2)
Coulomb's law of failure
292(3)
Induced seismicity
295(5)
The Rocky Mountain arsenal
296(2)
Rangely, Colorado
298(2)
The Lacq gas field
300(1)
Fluid pressures and tectonism
300(11)
Hubbert and Rubey
302(2)
Irwin and Barnes model for the San Andreas
304(2)
Byerlee and Rice models for the San Andreas
306(3)
Earthquake swarms driven by deep, natural fluid sources
309(2)
Seismicity modulated by shallow hydrology
311(1)
Earthquake-induced hydrologic phenomena
312(10)
Well behavior
313(3)
Geysering
316(2)
Streamflow changes
318(4)
Stress, earthquakes, and crustal permeability
322(3)
Problems
324(1)
Evaporites
325(27)
Evaporite formation
325(15)
The marine evaporite problem
326(2)
Groundwater inflow
328(2)
CaCl2 brines
330(2)
Magnesium depletion
332(1)
Continental evaporites
333(1)
Sabkhas
334(2)
Groundwater outflow
336(4)
Evaporite burial and dissolution
340(2)
Diapiric rise of evaporites
342(10)
Variable-density convection
343(3)
Caprock formation
346(3)
Problems
349(3)
Compaction and diagenesis
352(33)
Compaction
353(18)
Vertical loading and elevated fluid pressures
357(3)
Delayed compaction
360(4)
Erosional unloading
364(1)
Tectonic compression
365(3)
Variations in fluid pressure
368(3)
Diagenesis
371(14)
Reaction-flow coupling
371(2)
Diagenesis of siliciclastic sequences
373(5)
Mechanochemical processes
378(3)
Mineral banding
381(2)
Problems
383(2)
Metamorphism
385(27)
The role of fluids in metamorphism
386(6)
Evidence for voluminous fluid fluxes
386(1)
Sources of fluid
387(3)
Fluid dynamics
390(2)
Crustal-scale permeability estimates
392(9)
Constraints from first-order calculations
393(1)
A permeability--depth curve based on metamorphic data
394(4)
Implications for the brittle--ductile transition
398(1)
Implications for fault behavior
399(2)
Heat and solute transport during metamorphism
401(2)
A model of crustal-scale hydrology
403(1)
Metamorphic environments
404(8)
Contact metamorphism
405(2)
Regional-contact metamorphism (magmatic arcs)
407(2)
Regional metamorphism (continent--continent collision)
409(1)
High-pressure metamorphic belts (subduction zones)
409(1)
Problems
410(2)
Subsea hydrogeology
412(44)
Subsea versus subaerial hydrogeology
413(2)
Subsea permeability structure
415(3)
Density-driven subsea flow
418(2)
Hydrothermal circulation near the mid-ocean ridge
420(11)
Importance to the Earth's thermal budget
423(1)
Influence on ocean chemistry
424(1)
Properties of H2O-NaCl fluids
425(3)
Quantitative description of MOR systems
428(3)
Off-axis circulation and the role of seamounts
431(1)
Gas hydrates
432(2)
Accretionary prisms and subduction zones
434(6)
Nearshore hydrogeology
440(11)
Dolomitization of carbonate platforms
441(4)
Mixing-zone dissolution in carbonate platforms
445(4)
Offshore groundwater flow and heat transport
449(2)
Subduction, metamorphism, and the world ocean
451(5)
Problems
454(2)
References 456(71)
Index 527

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