Contents
PREFACE ix
ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY 1
SOCRATES AND PLATO 3
Euthyphro 8
Apology 21
Crito 38
Phaedo (72c–83c, 114e–118b) 47
Republic (Book I, 336b–342e, 347b–e; Book II, 357a–362c, 368a–376e; Book III, 412b–417b; Book IV, 427c–445e; Book V, 449–462e, 473b–e; and Books VI–VII, 502c–521b) 59
ARISTOTLE 125
Physics (Book II, complete) 129
Metaphysics (Book I, 1–4, 6, 9; and Book XII, 6–9) 140
On the Soul (Book II, Chapters 1–3; and Book III, 4–5) 157
Nicomachean Ethics (Books I–II; Book IV, 3; Books VI–VII; and Book X, 6–8) 164
HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY 227
EPICURUS 230
Letter to Menoeceus 232
Principal Doctrines 236
EPICTETUS 239
Handbook (Enchiridion) 241
PYRRHO AND SEXTUS EMPIRICUS 252
Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Book I, 1–13) 253
PLOTINUS 258
Enneads (Ennead I, Tractate 6) 260
CHRISTIANITY AND MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY 267
AUGUSTINE 272
Confessions (Book VIII, 5, 8–12; and Book XI, 14–28) 275
City of God (Book XI, Chapter 26; and Book XII, Chapters 1–9) 290
BOETHIUS 300
The Consolation of Philosophy (Book V, Chapter 6) 302
ANSELM (AND GUANILO) 306
Proslogion (Preface; Chapters 1–4) 308
Gaunilo and Anselm: Debate (selections) 310
HILDEGARD OF BINGEN 314
Scivias (Book I, Vision 4, 16–26) 316
MOSES MAIMONIDES 321
The Guide for the Perplexed (Part II, Introduction) 323
THOMAS AQUINAS 327
Summa Theologica (selections) 331
WILLIAM OF OCKHAM 358
Summa Logicae (On Universals Part I, Chapters 14–16) 361
GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA 366
Oration on the Dignity of Man (in part) 368
MODERN PHILOSOPHY 371
RENÉ DESCARTES 373
Meditations on the First Philosophy 377
Correspondence with Princess Elizabeth (selections) 417
THOMAS HOBBES 421
Leviathan (selections from Chapters 1–3, 6, 9, 12–15, 17–18, 21) 424
BLAISE PASCAL 461
Pensées (selections) 464
BARUCH SPINOZA 470
Ethics (Sections I and II) 472
JOHN LOCKE 523
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (abridged) 526
GOTTFRIED LEIBNIZ 578
Discourse on Metaphysics 582
The Monadology 610
GEORGE BERKELEY 619
Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous 622
DAVID HUME 681
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 684
JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU 762
The Social Contract (Book I) 765
IMMANUEL KANT 775
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 779
Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals 851
On a Supposed Right to Lie From Altruistic Motives 894
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT 898
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Chapter 6) 900
NINETEENTH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHY 905
G.W.F. HEGEL 907
Phenomenology of Spirit (B, IV, A: “Independence and Dependence of Self-Consciousness: Relations of Master and Servant”)
920
Lectures on the History of Philosophy (“The Final Result”) 916
JOHN STUART MILL 920
Utilitarianism 923
SØREN KIERKEGAARD 962
Fear and Trembling (Problema I: “Teleological Suspension of the Ethical”) 966
Concluding Unscientific Postscript (Section II, Chapter 2, “Subjective Truth, Inwardness; Truth Is Subjectivity”) 974
KARL MARX 983
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (“Alienated Labor”) 986
Manifesto of the Communist Party (Chapters 1 and 2) 995
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (Preface) 1004
Notes on Bakunin’s Statehood and Anarchy (selections) 1005
CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE 1007
The Fixation of Belief 1009
WILLIAM JAMES 1019
Pragmatism (Lecture II: What Pragmatism Means) 1021
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 1033
The Birth of Tragedy (Chapters 1–3) 1037
The Gay Science (selections) 1043
Twilight of the Idols (selections) 1045
The Anti-Christ (First Book, 2–7, 62) 1057
TWENTIETH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHY 1061
EDMUND HUSSERL 1065
Phenomenology (Encyclopaedia Brittanica article) 1068
W.E.B. DU BOIS 1076
The Souls of Black Folks (Chapter 1) 1079
BERTRAND RUSSELL 1085
The Problems of Philosophy (Chapters 1 & 15) 1088
MARTIN HEIDEGGER 1096
Introduction to Metaphysics (Chapter 1: “The Fundamental Question of Metaphysics”) 1101
LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN 1127
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Preface Sections 1–3.1431,4, 4.06, 4.1, 5, 5.6, 6.4–7) 1131
Philosophical Investigations (Paragraphs 1–47, 65–71, 241, 257–258, 305, 309) 1139
JEAN-PAUL SARTRE 1156
Existentialism Is a Humanism 1160
SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR 1174
The Second Sex (Introduction) 1177
WILLARD VAN ORMAN QUINE 1189
Two Dogmas of Empiricism 1192
JACQUES DERRIDA 1207
Of Grammatology (“The Written Being/The Being Written”) 1210
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