Self-healing Materials Fundamentals, Design Strategies, and Applications

by Ghosh, Swapan Kumar

• ISBN13: 9783527318292
• ISBN10: 3527318291
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-12-22
• Publisher: Wiley-VCH

Summary

The book covers self-healing concepts for all important material classes and their applications: polymers, ceramics, non-metallic and metallic coatings, alloys, nanocomposites, concretes and cements, as well as ionomers. Beginning with the inspiration from biological self-healing, its mimickry and conceptual transfer into approaches for the self-repair of artificially created materials, this book explains the strategies and mechanisms for the readers' basic understanding, then covers the different material classes and suitable self-healing concepts, giving examples for their application in practical situations. As the first book in this swiftly growing research field, it is of great interest to readers from many scientific and engineering disciplines, such as physics and chemistry, civil, architectural, mechanical, electronics and aerospace engineering.

Author Biography

Swapan Kumar Ghosh received his Ph.D in 2000 from the Indian Institute of Technology, India. His thesis was based on the synthesis and structure-property relationship of elastomeric ionomers. Following a PostDoc position at the Technical University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands, he joined (2002) as a Research Engineer at ArcelorMittal R& D Industry Gent, Belgium. He managed and coordinated both industrial and governmental (funded) projects in the field of coatings as well as knowledge development on new coatings related ideas for metallic substrates especially for steel. Since May 2008 he has been appointed as the director of Procoat India. In addition, he has edited the book `Functional Coatings by Polymer Microencapsulation?, and has published several research papers in international journals and the inventor /co-inventor of several patents in the fields of coatings technology.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
List of Contributors	p. xiii
Self-healing Materials: Fundamentals, Design Strategies, and Applications	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Definition of Self-healing	p. 1
Design Strategies	p. 2
Release of Healing Agents	p. 2
Microcapsule Embedment	p. 3
Hollow Fiber Embedment	p. 4
Microvascular System	p. 8
Reversible Cross-links	p. 9
Diels-Alder (DA) and Retro-DA Reactions	p. 10
Ionomers	p. 12
Supramolecular Polymers	p. 13
Miscellaneous Technologies	p. 17
Electrohydrodynamics	p. 17
Conductivity	p. 20
Shape Memory Effect	p. 21
Nanoparticle Migrations	p. 22
Co-deposition	p. 22
Applications	p. 23
Concluding Remarks	p. 25
Self-healing Polymers and Polymer Composites	p. 29
Introduction and the State of the Art	p. 29
Preparation and Characterization of the Self-healing Agent Consisting of Microencapsulated Epoxy and Latent Curing Agent	p. 35
Preparation of Epoxy-loaded Microcapsules and the Latent Curing Agent CuBr[subscript 2](2-MeIm)[subscript 4]	p. 35
Characterization of the Microencapsulated Epoxy	p. 36
Curing Kinetics of Epoxy Catalyzed by CuBr[subscript 2](2-MeIm)[subscript 4]	p. 38
Mechanical Performance and Fracture Toughness of Self-healing Epoxy	p. 43
Tensile Performance of Self-healing Epoxy	p. 43
Fracture Toughness of Self-healing Epoxy	p. 43
Fracture Toughness of Repaired Epoxy	p. 45
Evaluation of the Self-healing Woven Glass Fabric/Epoxy Laminates	p. 49
Tensile Performance of the Laminates	p. 49
Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Properties of the Laminates	p. 51
Self-healing of Impact Damage in the Laminates	p. 57
Conclusions	p. 68
Self-Healing Ionomers	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Ionomer Background	p. 74
Morphology	p. 75
Ionomers Studied for Self-healing	p. 78
Self-healing of Ionomers	p. 79
Healing versus Self-healing	p. 80
Damage Modes	p. 81
Ballistic Self-healing Mechanism	p. 83
Is Self-healing an Ionic Phenomenon? (Part I)	p. 84
Is Self-healing an Ionic Phenomenon? (Part II)	p. 86
Self-healing Stimulus	p. 88
Other Ionomer Studies	p. 89
Self-healing Ionomer Composites	p. 95
Conclusions	p. 97
Self-healing Anticorrosion Coatings	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Reflow-based and Self-sealing Coatings	p. 103
Self-healing Bulk Composites	p. 103
Coatings with Self-healing Ability based on the Reflow Effect	p. 105
Self-sealing Protective Coatings	p. 108
Self-healing Coating-based Active Corrosion Protection	p. 109
Conductive Polymer Coatings	p. 110
Active Anticorrosion Conversion Coatings	p. 113
Protective Coatings with Inhibitor-doped Matrix	p. 119
Self-healing Anticorrosion Coatings based on Nano-/Microcontainers of Corrosion Inhibitors	p. 122
Coatings with Micro-/Nanocarriers of Corrosion Inhibitors	p. 123
Coatings with Micro-/Nanocontainers of Corrosion Inhibitors	p. 128
Conclusive Remarks and Outlook	p. 133
Self-healing Processes in Concrete	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
State of the Art	p. 144
Definition of Terms	p. 144
Intelligent Materials	p. 144
Smart Materials	p. 145
Smart Structures	p. 145
Sensory Structures	p. 146
Autogenic Healing of Concrete	p. 146
Autonomic Healing of Concrete	p. 147
Healing Agents	p. 148
Encapsulation Techniques	p. 149
Self-healing Research at Delft	p. 152
Introduction	p. 152
Description of Test Setup for Healing of Early Age Cracks	p. 152
Description of Tested Variables	p. 154
Experimental Findings	p. 155
Influence of Compressive Stress	p. 155
Influence of Cement Type	p. 156
Influence of Age When the First Crack is Produced	p. 158
Influence of Crack Width	p. 159
Influence of Relative Humidity	p. 159
Simulation of Crack Healing	p. 159
Discussion on Early Age Crack Healing	p. 163
Measuring Permeability	p. 164
Self-healing of Cracked Concrete: A Bacterial Approach	p. 165
Self-healing Research at Cardiff	p. 168
Introduction	p. 168
Experimental Work	p. 169
Preliminary Investigations	p. 169
Experimental Procedure	p. 172
Results and Discussion	p. 173
Modeling the Self-healing Process	p. 175
Conclusions and Future Work	p. 177
A View to the Future	p. 178
Acknowledgments	p. 179
Self-healing of Surface Cracks in Structural Ceramics	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
Fracture Manner of Ceramics	p. 183
History	p. 185
Mechanism	p. 187
Composition and Structure	p. 190
Composition	p. 190
SiC Figuration	p. 192
Matrix	p. 193
Valid Conditions	p. 194
Atmosphere	p. 194
Temperature	p. 195
Stress	p. 198
Crack-healing Effect	p. 200
Crack-healing Effects on Fracture Probability	p. 200
Fatigue Strength	p. 202
Crack-healing Effects on Machining Efficiency	p. 204
New Structural Integrity Method	p. 207
Outline	p. 207
Theory	p. 207
Temperature Dependence of the Minimum Fracture Stress Guaranteed	p. 209
Advanced Self-crack Healing Ceramics	p. 212
Multicomposite	p. 212
SiC Nanoparticle Composites	p. 213
Self-healing of Metallic Materials: Self-healing of Creep Cavity and Fatigue Cavity/crack	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
Self-healing of Creep Cavity in Heat Resisting Steels	p. 220
Creep Fracture Mechanism and Creep Cavity	p. 221
Sintering of Creep Cavity at Service Temperature	p. 223
Self-healing Mechanism of Creep Cavity	p. 225
Creep Cavity Growth Mechanism	p. 225
Self-healing Layer on Creep Cavity Surface	p. 226
Self-healing of Creep Cavity by B Segregation	p. 227
Segregation of Trace Elements	p. 227
Self-healing of Creep Cavity by B Segregation onto Creep Cavity Surface	p. 229
Effect of B Segregation on Creep Rupture Properties	p. 234
Self-healing of Creep Cavity by BN Precipitation on to Creep Cavity Surface	p. 234
Precipitation of BN on Outer Free Surface by Heating in Vacuum	p. 234
Self-healing of Creep Cavity by BN Precipitation	p. 234
Effect of BN Precipitation on Creep Rupture Properties	p. 238
Self-healing of Fatigue Damage	p. 241
Fatigue Damage Leading to Fracture	p. 241
Delivery of Solute Atom to Damage Site	p. 242
Pipe Diffusion	p. 242
Solute-vacancy Complexes	p. 243
Self-healing Mechanism for Fatigue Cavity/Crack	p. 243
Closure of Fatigue Cavity/Crack by Deposition of Precipitate	p. 244
Closure of Fatigue Cavity/Crack by Volume Expansion with Precipitation	p. 244
Replenishment of Strengthening Phase by Dynamic Precipitation on Dislocation	p. 244
Effect of Self-healing on Fatigue Properties of Al Alloy	p. 246
Summary and Remarks	p. 247
Principles of Self-healing in Metals and Alloys: An Introduction	p. 251
Introduction	p. 251
Liquid-based Healing Mechanism	p. 252
Modeling of a Liquid-assisted Self-healing Metal	p. 256
Healing in the Solid State: Precipitation-assisted Self-healing Metals	p. 257
Basic Phenomena: Age (Precipitation) Hardening	p. 257
Self-healing in Aluminum Alloys	p. 258
Self-healing in Steels	p. 261
Modeling of Solid-state Healing	p. 262
Conclusions	p. 263
Modeling Self-healing of Fiber-reinforced Polymer-matrix Composites with Distributed Damage	p. 267
Introduction	p. 267
Damage Model	p. 268
Damage Variable	p. 268
Free-energy Potential	p. 269
Damage Evolution Equations	p. 270
Healing Model	p. 272
Damage and Plasticity Identification	p. 274
Healing Identification	p. 277
Damage and Healing Hardening	p. 279
Verification	p. 280
Index	p. 285
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