The Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Mammals

by Supin, Alexander Ya; Popov, Vladimir V.; Mass, A. M.

• ISBN13: 9780792373575
• ISBN10: 079237357X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-03-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

The Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Mammals presents current findings in the study of the sensory functions of aquatic mammals, with an emphasis on hearing, vision, and somatic senses. These senses have not been well researched prior to this volume. The book opens with a discussion of the anatomy and mechanics of the cetacean middle and inner ear and demonstrates what makes it particularly sensitive to high frequencies; it then focuses on vision in aquatic mammals: specifically, those with centrally-symmetric eye optics with a quasi-spherical lens and hemispheric eyecup. Finally, The Sensory Physiology of Aquatic Mammals concludes with a comparative analysis of sensory systems of aquatic mammals and terrestrial mammals.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Abbreviations	p. xi
Introduction	p. 1
General	p. 1
Aquatic Mammals as Subjects of Experimental Studies	p. 2
The Physical Properties of Water as a Sensory Medium	p. 4
Acoustics	p. 5
Optics	p. 6
Psychophysical Measurement Procedures	p. 8
The Operant Conditioning Method	p. 8
Conditioned Reflex	p. 9
The Statistical Basis for Threshold Evaluation	p. 9
Data-Collection Procedures	p. 17
Hearing in Cetaceans	p. 19
Ear Morphology	p. 20
Outer Ear and Middle Ear	p. 20
Inner Ear and Peripheral Neurons	p. 23
Auditory Evoked Potentials in Cetaceans	p. 25
Intracranial Evoked Potentials	p. 25
Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABR)	p. 27
Noninvasively Recorded Cortical Evoked Responses	p. 34
Rhythmic Evoked Potentials	p. 35
Contribution of Various Frequency Bands to ABR	p. 41
Evoked-Potential Procedures in Hearing Measurements	p. 47
ABR Threshold Measurements	p. 47
EFR and RFR Threshold Measurements	p. 50
Hearing Sensitivity and Frequency Range	p. 52
Psychophysical Data	p. 52
Evoked-Potential Data	p. 56
Temporal Resolution	p. 58
Psychophysical Studies	p. 59
Dependence of ABR on Stimulus Duration	p. 61
ABR Recovery at Double-Click Stimulation	p. 63
Gap-in-Noise Detection Measurements	p. 69
Derivation of the Temporal Transfer Function of the Auditory System	p. 73
Rhythmic Amplitude-Modulation Test and Modulation Transfer Function	p. 86
Rhythmic Click Test	p. 92
Frequency Tuning	p. 98
Critical Ratios and Critical Bands	p. 98
Tuning Curves	p. 101
Notch-Noise Masking	p. 121
Frequency-Discrimination Limens	p. 130
Frequency Resolving Power	p. 138
Sound-Intensity Discrimination	p. 147
Directional Sensitivity, Spatial, and Binaural Hearing	p. 150
Psychophysical Studies	p. 150
Directional Sensitivity: Evoked-Potential Studies	p. 153
Binaural Hearing: Evoked-Potential Studies	p. 158
Frequency-Temporal and Frequency-Spatial Interactions	p. 163
Temporal Interaction of Frequency-Colored Sound Pulses	p. 164
Paradoxical Lateral Suppression	p. 169
Interaction of Directional and Frequency Sensitivity	p. 176
Sound-Conduction Pathways	p. 180
Central Representation of the Auditory System	p. 190
Implements to Echolocation	p. 193
Hearing Frequency Range	p. 193
Frequency Tuning and Temporal Resolution	p. 194
Recovery Functions as a Basis of Invariant Perception of Echo Signals	p. 196
Rippled Spectrum Resolution and Echolocation	p. 197
Frequency-Temporal Interactions	p. 198
Spatial Resolution	p. 199
Summary	p. 200
Hearing in Pinnipeds and Sirenians	p. 205
Hearing in Pinnipeds	p. 205
Ear Anatomy	p. 206
Hearing Sensitivity and Frequency Range	p. 206
Temporal Processing	p. 210
Frequency Tuning	p. 211
Intensity Discrimination	p. 215
Directional Hearing	p. 215
Auditory Representation in the Cerebral Cortex	p. 216
Hearing Adaptation to Amphibious Lifestyle	p. 218
Hearing in Sirenians	p. 219
Ear Morphology	p. 220
Psychophysical Audiogram	p. 221
Evoked-Potential Data	p. 222
Summary	p. 226
Vision in Aquatic Mammals	p. 229
Vision in Cetaceans	p. 229
Eye Morphology	p. 229
Visual Abilities of Cetaceans: Psychophysical Studies	p. 241
Topographic Distribution of Retinal Ganglion Cells	p. 245
Visual Projections to the Cerebral Cortex	p. 260
Vision in Pinnipeds	p. 264
Eye Morphology	p. 264
Visual Abilities of Pinnipeds	p. 268
Topographic Distribution of Retinal Ganglion Cells and Retinal Resolution	p. 272
Visual Projections to the Cerebral Cortex	p. 278
Vision in Sirenians	p. 279
Eye Anatomy and Retinal Structure	p. 279
Psychophysical Studies	p. 281
Topographic Distribution of Ganglion Cells and Retinal Resolution	p. 281
Summary	p. 282
Somatic Sense in Aquatic Mammals	p. 285
Somatic Sense in Cetaceans	p. 285
Somatic Sense in Pinnipeds	p. 287
Morphological and Psychophysical Data	p. 287
Somatosensory Projections to the Cerebral Cortex	p. 288
Tactile Sensitivity of Vibrissae	p. 295
Summary	p. 297
References	p. 299
Index	p. 325
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