Small Water Supplies: A Practical Guide

by Clapham; David

• ISBN13: 9780415282826
• ISBN10: 0415282829
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-10-26
• Publisher: Spon Press

Summary

There are approximately 50,000 small water supplies in the UK alone, and thousands more worldwide. Dealing with idiosyncratic characteristics of small water supplies requires specialist knowledge.Small Water Supplies: A Practical Guideprovides invaluable guidance for their appropriate management. This book covers how small, independent supplies differ from public water supplies, and the health dangers they pose, along with water sampling and risk assessment. An explanation of different types of supplies including their construction and treatment systems, as well as common problems encountered (incorporating biological and physiochemical parameters such as e-coli, cryptosporidium, aluminium, lead, arsenic, pesticides and radon) is provided. UK and European legislation is discussed, and there is also a sizeable section dealing with small water supplies in developing countries. Small Water Supplies: A Practical Guideis an invaluable reference for environmental health officers,water technologists, environmental engineering consultants and group water scheme operators as well as students of water-related subjects.

Author Biography

David Clapham is Principal Environmental Health Manager, City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council.

Table of Contents

List of illustrations	xiii
Preface	xv
Acknowledgements	xvi
Introduction	1	(11)
The importance of water	1	(2)
Water in the developing world	3	(1)
A definition of small water supplies	3	(1)
The hydrological cycle	4	(2)
Geology	6	(6)
Small water supplies	12	(30)
Springs	16	(5)
Wells	21	(5)
Boreholes	26	(3)
Surface water	29	(3)
Rainwater collection	32	(1)
Desalination	33	(1)
Fog collection	33	(1)
Other associated components	34	(8)
Physical properties of water	42	(11)
Tastes and odours	42	(1)
Conductivity	43	(1)
Hardness and softness	44	(3)
Hydrogen ion or pH	47	(3)
Turbidity	50	(2)
Insufficiency	52	(1)
Risk assessment	53	(24)
Rainfall and weather	60	(2)
Sampling programmes	62	(11)
Sanitary surveys and risk assessment	73	(4)
Water and health	77	(22)
Microbiological considerations	81	(7)
Indicator organisms	88	(6)
Outbreaks of disease associated with small water supplies	94	(5)
Waterborne diseases	99	(2)
Viral diseases	101	(6)
Enteroviral diseases	101	(1)
Viral gastroenteritis	102	(2)
Viral hepatitis	104	(3)
Disease-causing bacteria	107	(22)
Campylobacter	107	(4)
Cholera	111	(4)
Escherichia coli	115	(5)
Salmonella typhi	120	(2)
Shigella	122	(2)
Yersinia	124	(1)
Other bacteria of potential concern	125	(4)
Environmental or adventitious bacteria	129	(3)
Aeromonas	129	(1)
Burkholderia	130	(1)
Plesiomonas	130	(1)
Pseudomonas	131	(1)
Protozoa	132	(14)
Amoebic dysentery	132	(2)
Cryptosporidium	134	(7)
Cyclospora	141	(1)
Giardia	142	(3)
Naegleria	145	(1)
Helminth infestation	146	(2)
Dracunculiasis	146	(2)
Water-related diseases	148	(5)
Dengue fever	149	(1)
Lymphatic filariasis	150	(1)
Malaria	150	(2)
Yellow fever	152	(1)
Water-contact diseases and cyanobacteria	153	(8)
Schistosomiasis	153	(1)
Cyanobacteria	154	(7)
Chemical contamination	161	(2)
Inorganic contaminants	163	(28)
Aluminium	163	(4)
Arsenic	167	(3)
Asbestos	170	(1)
Copper	171	(2)
Iron	173	(1)
Lead	174	(3)
Manganese	177	(2)
Nitrates	179	(6)
Minor inorganic contaminants	185	(6)
Organic contaminants	191	(19)
Disinfection by-products and trihalomethanes	191	(4)
Organic solvents	195	(3)
Pesticides	198	(6)
Polynuclear or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons	204	(1)
Minor organic contaminants	205	(5)
Radioactive contamination	210	(7)
Radon	211	(5)
Uranium	216	(1)
Treatment options	217	(27)
Disinfection	220	(7)
Contaminant removal	227	(8)
Other treatment systems	235	(9)
Action to improve supplies	244	(32)
Advice	247	(4)
Boil water advisory notices	251	(2)
Formal statutory action	253	(1)
Directive on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption	253	(3)
UK Drinking-water legislation	256	(16)
Other legislation for securing improvement	272	(4)
UK governmental control	276	(2)
USA	278	(12)
The direct influence of surface water	279	(1)
Borehole protection	280	(4)
Education and advice	284	(2)
Indian land	286	(1)
Problems	286	(4)
References	290	(19)
Index	309