Smart Grid Technology and Applications

by Ekanayake, Janaka B.; Jenkins, Nick; Liyanage, Kithsiri M.; Wu, Jianzhong; Yokoyama, Akihiko

• ISBN13: 9780470974094
• ISBN10: 0470974095
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-04-09
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This book provides discussion on the fundaments of the Smart Grid concept and then describes the technologies that are required for its realisation. It allows the reader to engage with the immediate development of the power system and to take part in the debate over the future Smart Grid. The book opens with an overview on understanding the Smart Grid, and then is divided into three sections. Section 1 ('Information and Communications Technologies') covers communication standards for the Smart Grid. Section Two discusses sensing, measurement, control and automation.Smart metering and demand side participation are described in detail, before distribution automation and the distribution management system. The last chapter of this section covers advanced transmission system operation. Section Three looks at power electronic and advanced components. First of all the topic of power electronics in power demand and supply is presented. Enabling technologies and advanced components are described last of all, giving a balanced view of Smart Grids.

Author Biography

Professor Janaka Ekanayake, Cardiff University, UK
Professor Ekanayake is currently at the Institute of Energy at Cardiff University. As module leader on an MSc course, he teaches intelligent electronic devices, their applications and automation. He also teaches power electronic applications to power systems, flexible ac transmission systems and HVDC.Previous to this he was a Research Fellow at the University of Manchester. He was promoted to Professor in Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka in 2003. Professor Ekanayake has published over 25 papers in refereed journals and has co-authored three books in the area of wind integration.

Dr Kithsiri Liyanage, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Dr Liyanage is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Peradeniya. Prior to this he served as Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna and as Director of the Information Technology Centre, University of Peradenyia. He has been with the University of Tokyo as a Visiting Research Fellow since 2008.  He has served as coordinator of and consultant to several ICT and power generation projects.

Dr Jianzhong Wu, Cardiff University, UK
Dr Wu is a lecturer at the Institute of Energy, School of Engineering, Cardiff University. Privious to this he was a research fellow at the University of Manchester and Associate Professor at Tianjin University, China. He has been involved in several Chinese national research programmes, developing advanced software tools for distribution network operation, planning, for on-line security monitoring, assessment and optimisation for transmission networks.

Professor Akihiko Yokoyama, University of Tokyo, Japan
Professor Yokoyama is based at the Department of Engineering at the University of Tokyo. He is alsoProfessor in the Department of Advanced Energy at the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences He has co-authored two books, and is Chairman of PES Council of IEEE Japan. He is Vice Chair- man of the Japanese National Committee of CIGRE, and Vice President of Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry of Japan.

Professor Nicholas Jenkins, Cardiff University, UK
Professor Jenkins moved to Cardiff University in 2008 after ten years as a professor at the University of Manchester. He has contributed to ten books and is a Fellow of the IET, IEEE and the Royal Academy of Engineering. He was a member of Advisory Council of the CEU SmartGrid Technology Platform. Professor Jenkins is presently the Shimizu Visiting Professor at Stanford University.

Table of Contents

About the authors	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgements	p. xv
List of abbreviations	p. xvii
The Smart Grid	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Why implement the Smart Grid now?	p. 2
Ageing assets and lack of circuit capacity	p. 2
Thermal constraints	p. 2
Operational constraints	p. 3
Security of supply	p. 3
National initiatives	p. 4
What is the Smart Grid?	p. 6
Early Smart Grid initiatives	p. 7
Active distribution networks	p. 7
Virtual power plant	p. 9
Other initiatives and demonstrations	p. 9
Overview of the technologies required for the Smart Grid	p. 12
References	p. 14
Information and Communication Technologies
Data communication	p. 19
Introduction	p. 19
Dedicated and shared communication channels	p. 19
Switching techniques	p. 23
Circuit switching	p. 24
Message switching	p. 24
Packet switching	p. 24
Communication channels	p. 25
Wired communication	p. 27
Optical fibre	p. 29
Radio communication	p. 33
Cellular mobile communication	p. 34
Satellite communication	p. 34
Layered architecture and protocols	p. 35
The ISOIOSI model	p. 36
TCP/IP	p. 40
References	p. 43
Communication technologies for the Smart Grid	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Communication technologies	p. 46
IEEE 802 series	p. 46
Mobile communications	p. 59
Multi protocol label switching	p. 60
Power line communication	p. 62
Standards for information exchange	p. 62
Standards for smart metering	p. 62
Modbus	p. 63
DNP3	p. 64
IEC 61850	p. 65
References	p. 66
Information security for the Smart Grid	p. 69
Introduction	p. 69
Encryption and decryption	p. 70
Symmetric key encryption	p. 71
Public key encryption	p. 75
Authentication	p. 76
Authentication based on shared secret key	p. 76
Authentication based on key distribution centre	p. 77
Digital signatures	p. 77
Secret key signature	p. 77
Public key signature	p. 77
Message digest	p. 78
Cyber security standards	p. 79
IEEE 1686: IEEE standard for substation intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) cyber security capabilities	p. 79
IEC 62351: Power systems management and associated information exchange data and communications security	p. 80
References	p. 80
Sensing, Measurement, Control and Automation Technology
Smart metering and demand-side integration	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Smart metering	p. 84
Evolution of electricity metering	p. 84
Key components of smart metering	p. 86
Smart meters: An overview of the hardware used	p. 86
Signal acquisition	p. 87
Signal conditioning	p. 89
Analogue to digital conversion	p. 90
Computation	p. 94
Input/output	p. 95
Communication	p. 96
Communications infrastructure and protocols for smart metering	p. 96
Home-area network	p. 96
Neighbourhood area network	p. 97
Data concentrator	p. 98
Meter data management system	p. 98
Protocols for communications	p. 98
Demand-side integration	p. 99
Services provided by DSI	p. 100
Implementations of DSI	p. 104
Hardware support to DSI implementations	p. 107
Flexibility delivered by prosumers from the demand side	p. 109
System support from DSI	p. 110
References	p. 111
Distribution automation equipment	p. 113
Introduction	p. 113
Substation automation equipment	p. 114
Current transformers	p. 116
Voltage transformers	p. 121
Intelligent electronic devices	p. 121
Bay controller	p. 124
Remote terminal units	p. 124
Faults in the distribution system	p. 125
Components for fault isolation and restoration	p. 127
Fault location, isolation and restoration	p. 132
Voltage regulation	p. 135
References	p. 139
Distribution management systems	p. 141
Introduction	p. 141
Data sources and associated external systems	p. 142
SCADA	p. 143
Customer information system	p. 144
Modelling and analysis tools	p. 144
Distribution system modelling	p. 144
Topology analysis	p. 149
Load forecasting	p. 151
Power flow analysis	p. 152
Fault calculations	p. 156
State estimation	p. 160
Other analysis tools	p. 165
Applications	p. 165
System monitoring	p. 165
System operation	p. 166
System management	p. 168
Outage management system OMS	p. 168
References	p. 171
Transmission system operation	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Data sources	p. 173
IEDs and SCADA	p. 173
Phasor measurement units	p. 174
Energy management systems	p. 177
Wide area applications	p. 179
On-line transient stability controller	p. 181
Pole-slipping preventive controller	p. 181
Visualisation techniques	p. 183
Visual 2-D presentation	p. 184
Visual 3-D presentation	p. 185
References	p. 186
Power Electronics and Energy Storage
Power electronic converters	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Current source converters	p. 191
Voltage source converters	p. 195
VSCs for low and medium power applications	p. 196
VSC for medium and high power applications	p. 199
References	p. 203
Power electronics in the Smart Grid	p. 205
Introduction	p. 205
Renewable energy generation	p. 206
Photovoltaic systems	p. 206
Wind, hydro and tidal energy systems	p. 209
Fault current limiting	p. 213
Shunt compensation	p. 217
D-STATCOM	p. 218
Active filtering	p. 224
Shunt compensator with energy storage	p. 224
Series compensation	p. 228
References	p. 231
Power electronics for bulk power flows	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
FACTS	p. 234
Reactive power compensation	p. 235
Series compensation	p. 241
Thyristor-controlled Phase shifting transformer	p. 243
Unified power flow controller	p. 245
Interline power flow controller	p. 246
HVDC	p. 248
Current source converters	p. 249
Voltage source converters	p. 253
Multi-terminal HVDC	p. 256
References	p. 257
Energy storage	p. 259
Introduction	p. 259
Energy storage technologies	p. 263
Batteries	p. 263
Flow battery	p. 264
Fuel cell and hydrogen electrolyser	p. 266
Flywheels	p. 267
Superconducting magnetic energy storage systems	p. 270
Supercapacitors	p. 270
Case study 1: Energy storage for wind power	p. 271
Case study 2: Agent-based control of electrical vehicle battery charging	p. 273
References	p. 277
Index	p. 279
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