Sniffy the Virtual Rat Pro, Version 2.0 (with CD-ROM)

by Alloway, Tom; Wilson, Greg; Graham, Jeff

• ISBN13: 9780534633608
• ISBN10: 0534633609
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-10-05
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Preface: Installing and Running Sniffy Pro. Acknowledgments. Quick Guide to Menus and Commands. 1. Introduction to Sniffy. 2. Introduction to Classical Conditioning. 3. Basic Phenomena of Classical Conditioning: Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery and Stimulus-Intensity Effects. 4. Compound Conditioning, Blocking, Overshadowing, and Overexpectation. 5. Inhibitory Conditioning. 6. Associative Structures in Classical Conditioning: Sensory Preconditioning and Higher-Order Conditioning. 7. The Nature of the Association in Classical Conditioning. 8. Habituation, Sensitization, Background Conditioning and the CS and US Pre-Exposure Effects. 9. Introduction to Operant Conditioning. 10. Basic Operant Phenomena: Magazine Training, Shaping, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery and Secondary Reinforcement. 11. The Effects of Punishment on Response Elimination. 12. Schedules of Reinforcement and the Partial-Reinforcement Effect. 13. Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization. 14. Shaping Behaviors Other than Bar Pressing. Appendix: How to Manage Your Sniffy Pro Files. Glossary. References. Index.

Table of Contents

Preface: Installing and Running Sniffy Pro	ix
Acknowledgments	xv
Quick Guide to Menus and Commands	xvii
1 Introduction to Sniffy	1	(6)
Why We Created Sniffy	1	(1)
How We Created Sniffy, the Animated Creature	2	(1)
Sniffy, the Program	2	(2)
Sniffy Is a Learning Tool, Not a Research Tool	4	(1)
Applying What You Learn From Sniffy	5	(2)
2 Introduction to Classical Conditioning	7	(26)
A First Look at Sniffy Pro	7	(2)
Classical Conditioning Background	9	(1)
The Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)	10	(4)
The Design Classical Conditioning Experiment Dialog Box	14	(6)
The Sensitivity & Fear Mind Window	20	(1)
The CS Response Strength Mind Window	21	(2)
The Movement Ratio Window	23	(1)
The Cumulative Record During Classical Conditioning	24	(1)
The Suppression Ratio Window	25	(1)
Types of Associations	26	(1)
How to Get Reliable, Comparable Results	27	(2)
Putting Everything Together to Understand Classical Conditioning	29	(1)
Exporting Your Results to Other Programs	29	(1)
Printing All the Contents of a Data Window	30	(1)
Copying and Pasting the Visible Portion of a Window	30	(3)
3 Basic Phenomena of Classical Conditioning: Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Stimulus Intensity Effects	33	(24)
Important Technical Information	33	(1)
Accelerating Time	34	(1)
Other Time-Saving Hints	35	(1)
Noise Control	36	(1)
Background to the Exercises in This Chapter	36	(1)
Exercise 1: Basic Acquisition of a CR	37	(4)
Exercise 2: Extinction	41	(3)
Exercise 3: Spontaneous Recovery	44	(1)
Exercise 4: Varying the Strength of the CS	45	(8)
Exercise 5: Varying the Strength of the US	53	(2)
Some Questions	55	(1)
Something to Do	56	(1)
4 Compound Conditioning, Blocking, Overshadowing, and Overexpectation	57	(20)
Exercise 6: Compound Conditioning Compared With Separate CS Pairings	57	(7)
The Compound Conditioning Experimental Condition	58	(3)
The Compound Conditioning, Separate Pairing Control Condition	61	(3)
Exercise 7: Blocking	64	(4)
Blocking Stage 1	65	(1)
Blocking Stages 2 and 3	66	(2)
Exercise 8: Overshadowing	68	(3)
Exercise 9: Overexpectation	71	(4)
Summary	75	(1)
Some Questions	75	(1)
Something to Do	76	(1)
5 Inhibitory Conditioning	77	(10)
Exercise 10: Prior Inhibitory Conditioning Slows Excitatory Conditioning	78	(5)
Setting Up the Experimental Condition	79	(1)
Setting Up the Control Condition	80	(1)
Examining the Results	81	(2)
Exercise 11: Inhibitory Conditioning Measured by Response Summation	83	(3)
Some Questions	86	(1)
Something to Do	86	(1)
6 Associative Structures in Classical Conditioning: Sensory Preconditioning and Higher-Order Conditioning	87	(12)
Background	87	(1)
Exercise 12: Sensory Preconditioning	88	(6)
The Experimental Condition	89	(2)
The Unpaired Control Condition	91	(3)
Exercise 13: Higher-Order Conditioning	94	(3)
Stage 1 Higher-Order Conditioning	94	(1)
Stages 2 and 3 of Higher-Order Conditioning	95	(2)
Some Things to Do	97	(2)
7 The Nature of the Association in Classical Conditioning	99	(22)
Background	99	(3)
Exercise 14: Basic Acquisition Under the Four Models	102	(2)
Exercise 15: Effect on First-Order Conditioning of Habituating the UR	104	(4)
Exercise 16: Basic Higher-Order Conditioning Under the Four Models	108	(3)
Exercise 17: Effect on Higher-Order Conditioning of Extinguishing the First-Order CR	111	(3)
Exercise 18: Effect on Higher-Order Conditioning of Habituating the UR	114	(6)
Some Questions	120	(1)
8 Habituation, Sensitization, Background Conditioning, and the CS and US Pre-exposure Effects	121	(14)
Background	121	(2)
Exercise 19: Habituation, Sensitization, and Background Conditioning	123	(4)
Exercise 20: CS Pre-exposure Effect	127	(2)
Exercise 21: US Pre-exposure Effect	129	(2)
Comparing CS and US Pre-exposure With the Control	131	(1)
A Question	132	(1)
Something to Do	133	(2)
9 Introduction to Operant Conditioning	135	(10)
Edward Thorndike	135	(1)
B.F. Skinner	136	(3)
The Operant Chamber	139	(1)
Reinforcement and Punishment	140	(5)
10 Basic Operant Phenomena: Magazine Training, Shaping, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, and Secondary Reinforcement	145	(22)
Operant Conditioning: Technique	145	(1)
The Operant Associations Mind Window	146	(1)
Exercise 22: Magazine Training	147	(1)
Exercise 23: Shaping Sniffy to Press the Bar	148	(5)
Exercise 24: Cumulative Records-Visualizing Sniffy's Responding	153	(3)
Exercise 25: Extinction	156	(5)
Exercise 26: Secondary Reinforcement	161	(2)
Exercise 27: Spontaneous Recovery	163	(1)
Some Things to Do	164	(3)
Behavioral Repertoire	164	(1)
Another Effect of Magazine Training	165	(2)
11 The Effects of Punishment on Response Elimination	167	(6)
Exercise 28: The Effect of a Single Mild Punishment	167	(2)
Exercise 29: The Effect of a Single Severe Punishment	169	(1)
Exercise 30: The Effect of Repeated Mild Punishment	170	(2)
Some Questions	172	(1)
12 Schedules of Reinforcement and the Partial-Reinforcement Effect	173	(18)
Background and Examples	173	(4)
Variable-Ratio (VR) and Variable-Interval (VI) Schedules	177	(1)
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedules	178	(1)
Fixed-Interval (Fl) Schedules	178	(1)
Setting Up a Schedule in the Design Operant Conditioning Experiment Dialog Box	179	(2)
Exercise 31: Placing Sniffy on a Small VR Schedule	181	(2)
Exercise 32: Increasing the Value of Sniffy's VR Schedule	183	(1)
Exercise 33: Variable-Interval Schedules	184	(1)
Exercise 34: Fixed-Ratio Schedules	185	(1)
Exercise 35: Fixed-Interval Schedules	185	(1)
How Realistic Are Sniffy's Schedule Performances?	186	(1)
Exercise 36: The Effect of Partial Reinforcement on Extinction	187	(1)
Some Questions and Things to Do	188	(3)
Does Schedule Size Affect Overall Response Rate?	188	(1)
Does Schedule Size Affect Resistance to Extinction?	189	(2)
13 Stimulus Discrimination and Stimulus Generalization	191	(22)
Background and Theory	191	(6)
Setting Up Discrimination-Learning Experiments	197	(4)
Exporting DS Response Strength Data to a Spreadsheet or Statistical Analysis Program	201	(1)
Setting Up Stimulus Generalization Tests	202	(1)
Exercise 37: Simple Tone-On S+ Discrimination Learning	203	(1)
Exercise 38: Stimulus Generalization After Simple Tone-On S+ Discrimination Learning	204	(2)
Exercise 39: Simple Tone-On S- Discrimination Learning	206	(1)
Exercise 40: Stimulus Generalization After Simple Tone-On S-Discrimination Learning	207	(1)
Exercise 41: S+/S- Discrimination Learning	208	(1)
Exercise 42: Stimulus Generalization After S+/S-Discrimination Learning	209	(1)
Comparing the Three Generalization Gradients	210	(2)
Some Questions	212	(1)
Something to Do	212	(1)
14 Shaping Behaviors Other Than Bar Pressing	213	(14)
Exercise 43: Shaping Sniffy to Beg	215	(2)
Exercise 44: Shaping Sniffy to Wipe His Face	217	(2)
Exercise 45: Shaping Sniffy to Roll	219	(3)
Exercise 46: Shaping Sniffy to Perform Other Behaviors	222	(1)
Exercise 47: Shaping a Cat to Beg or Walk on Its Hind Legs	222	(3)
Some Questions and Things to Do	225	(2)
APPENDIX How to Manage Your Sniffy Pro Files	227	(21)
Floppy Disks and Hard Disks	227	(2)
Deciding Where to Save Your Files	229	(2)
Getting Easy Access to the Sniffy Program and Files From Your Computer Desktop	231	(2)
Creating a Windows Shortcut	231	(1)
Placing Aliases in the Mac OS X Dock	232	(1)
Saving Files	233	(4)
Saving Files in Windows XP	233	(3)
Saving Files in Mac OS X	236	(1)
Opening Files	237	(4)
Opening Files in Windows XP	237	(2)
Opening Files in Mac OS X	239	(2)
Copying Files From a Hard Disk to a Floppy Disk	241	(2)
Instructions for Windows XP Users	241	(1)
Instructions for Mac OS X Users	242	(1)
Copying Files From a Floppy Disk to a Hard Disk	243	(1)
Instructions for Windows XP Users	243	(1)
Instructions for Mac OS X Users	243	(1)
Using Sniffy Pro Macintosh Files on a Windows PC and Vice Versa	244	(1)
Storing Files on a CD	245	(1)
E-mailing Files	246	(2)
Glossary	248	(5)
References	253	(2)
Index	255