Social Psychology

by Delamater, John D.

• ISBN13: 9780495093367
• ISBN10: 049509336X
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-07-20
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

What decides who someone will fall in love with? Where do aggressive, violent, and criminal behaviors come from? Why are some people more charitable than others? Why do some people obey authority and conform while others always have to buck the trend? Why are some people lazier when they work in groups? What is the source of people's stereotypes and prejudices? What causes conflict between groups? What makes us who we are? SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY covers topics ranging from interpersonal attraction to social structure, allowing you to explore essential questions in the field.

Table of Contents

Preface	xii
Introduction to Social Psychology	1	(25)
Introduction	2	(1)
What Is Social Psychology?	3	(2)
A Formal Definition	3	(1)
Core Concerns of Social Psychology	3	(2)
Relation to Other Fields	5	(1)
Theoretical Perspectives in Social Psychology	5	(17)
Role Theory	8	(3)
Reinforcement Theory	11	(3)
Cognitive Theory	14	(2)
Symbolic Interaction Theory	16	(2)
Evolutionary Theory	18	(2)
A Comparison of Perspectives	20	(2)
Is Social Psychology a Science?	22	(2)
Characteristics of Science	22	(1)
Social Psychology as a Science	23	(1)
Summary	24	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	25	(1)
Research Methods in Social Psychology	26	(26)
Introduction	27	(1)
Questions About Research Methods	27	(1)
Characteristics of Empirical Research	27	(2)
Objectives of Research	27	(1)
Research Hypotheses	28	(1)
Validity of Findings	29	(1)
Research Methods	29	(18)
Surveys	30	(7)
Field Studies and Naturalistic Observation	37	(2)
Archival Research and Content Analysis	39	(2)
Experiments	41	(4)
Comparison of Research Methods	45	(1)
Meta-Analysis	46	(1)
Research in Diverse Populations	47	(1)
Ethical Issues in Social Psychological Research	48	(3)
Potential Sources of Harm	48	(1)
Institutional Safeguards	49	(1)
Potential Benefits	50	(1)
Summary	51	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	51	(1)
Socialization	52	(30)
Introduction	53	(1)
Perspectives on Socialization	54	(3)
The Developmental Perspective	54	(1)
The Social Learning Perspective	55	(1)
The Interpretive Perspective	56	(1)
The Impact of Social Structure	57	(1)
Agents of Childhood Socialization	57	(8)
Family	57	(6)
Peers	63	(1)
School	64	(1)
Processes of Socialization	65	(4)
Instrumental Conditioning	65	(3)
Observational Learning	68	(1)
Internalization	69	(1)
Outcomes of Socialization	69	(9)
Gender Role	69	(2)
Linguistic and Cognitive Competence	71	(3)
Moral Development	74	(3)
Work Orientations	77	(1)
Adult Socialization	78	(2)
Role Acquisition	78	(1)
Anticipatory Socialization	79	(1)
Role Discontinuity	79	(1)
Summary	80	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	81	(1)
Self and Identity	82	(26)
Introduction	83	(2)
The Nature and Genesis of Self	85	(4)
The Self as Source and Object of Action	85	(1)
Self-Differentiation	85	(2)
Role Taking	87	(1)
The Social Origins of Self	87	(2)
Identities: The Self We Know	89	(4)
Role Identities	89	(1)
Social Identities	90	(1)
Research on Self-Concept Formation	91	(2)
The Situated Self	93	(1)
Identities: The Self We Enact	93	(5)
Identities and Behavior	93	(2)
Choosing an Identity to Enact	95	(2)
Identities as Sources of Consistency	97	(1)
The Self in Thought and Feeling	98	(3)
Self-Schema	99	(1)
Effects of Self-Awareness	99	(1)
Effects of Self-Discrepancies	100	(1)
Self-Esteem	101	(5)
Assessment of Self-Esteem	101	(1)
Sources of Self-Esteem	101	(2)
Self-Esteem and Behavior	103	(2)
Protecting Self-Esteem	105	(1)
Summary	106	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	107	(1)
Social Perception and Cognition	108	(33)
Introduction	109	(1)
Schemas	110	(4)
Types of Schemas	111	(1)
Schematic Processing	112	(2)
Schemas as Cultural Elements	114	(1)
Person Schemas and Group Stereotypes	114	(8)
Person Schemas	114	(2)
Group Stereotypes	116	(6)
Impression Formation	122	(12)
Trait Centrality	122	(1)
Integrating Information About Others	123	(2)
Impressions as Self-Fulfilling Prophecies	125	(1)
Heuristics	126	(1)
Anchoring and Adjustment	127	(1)
Dispositional Versus Situational Attributions	127	(1)
Inferring Dispositions From Acts	128	(3)
Covariation Model of Attribution	131	(1)
Attributions for Success and Failure	132	(2)
Bias and Error in Attribution	134	(4)
Overattribution to Dispositions	134	(1)
Focus of Attention Bias	135	(1)
Actor-Observer Difference	136	(1)
Motivational Biases	137	(1)
Cultural Basis of Attributions	138	(1)
Summary	139	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	140	(1)
Attitudes	141	(24)
Introduction	142	(1)
The Nature of Attitudes	142	(2)
The Components of an Attitude	142	(1)
Attitude Formation	143	(1)
The Functions of Attitudes	144	(1)
Attitude Organization	144	(2)
Attitude Structure	144	(2)
Cognitive Consistency	146	(8)
Balance Theory	147	(2)
Theory of Cognitive Dissonance	149	(2)
Is Consistency Inevitable?	151	(3)
The Relationship Between Attitudes and Behavior	154	(7)
Do Attitudes Predict Behavior?	154	(1)
Activation of the Attitude	154	(1)
Characteristics of the Attitude	155	(2)
Attitude-Behavior Correspondence	157	(2)
Situational Constraints	159	(2)
The Reasoned Action Model	161	(3)
Formal Model	161	(2)
Assessment of the Model	163	(1)
Summary	164	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	164	(1)
Symbolic Communication and Language	165	(31)
Introduction	166	(1)
Language and Verbal Communication	166	(9)
Linguistic Communication	167	(1)
The Encoder-Decoder Model	168	(2)
The Intentionalist Model	170	(2)
The Perspective-Taking Model	172	(3)
Nonverbal Communication	175	(5)
Types of Nonverbal Communication	175	(2)
What's in a Face?	177	(1)
Combining Nonverbal and Verbal Communication	178	(2)
Social Structure and Communication	180	(8)
Gender and Communication	180	(1)
Social Stratification and Speech Style	181	(4)
Communicating Status and Intimacy	185	(3)
Normative Distances for Interaction	188	(2)
Normative Distances	188	(2)
Conversational Analysis	190	(4)
Initiating Conversations	190	(2)
Regulating Turn Taking	192	(1)
Feedback and Coordination	192	(2)
Summary	194	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	195	(1)
Social Influence and Persuasion	196	(29)
Introduction	197	(1)
Forms of Social Influence	197	(1)
Attitude Change via Persuasion	198	(12)
Processing Persuasive Messages	198	(1)
Communication-Persuasion Paradigm	199	(1)
The Source	200	(3)
The Message	203	(5)
The Target	208	(2)
Compliance with Threats and Promises	210	(7)
Effectiveness of Threats and Promises	211	(4)
Problems in Using Threats and Promises	215	(1)
Bilateral Threat and Negotiation	216	(1)
Obedience to Authority	217	(4)
Experimental Study of Obedience	218	(2)
Factors Affecting Obedience to Authority	220	(1)
Resisting Influence and Persuasion	221	(1)
Inoculation	221	(1)
Forewarning	222	(1)
Reactance	222	(1)
Summary	222	(2)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	224	(1)
Self-Presentation and Impression Management	225	(25)
Introduction	226	(1)
Self-Presentation in Everyday Life	227	(3)
Definition of the Situation	227	(2)
Self-Disclosure	229	(1)
Tactical Impression Management	230	(7)
Managing Appearances	231	(1)
Ingratiation	232	(3)
Aligning Actions	235	(2)
Altercasting	237	(1)
The Downside of Self-Presentation	237	(2)
Self-Presentation May Be Hazardous to Your Health	238	(1)
Deception May Be Hazardous to Your Relationships	239	(1)
Detecting Deceptive Impression Management	239	(3)
Ulterior Motives	239	(1)
Nonverbal Cues of Deception	240	(2)
Ineffective Self-Presentation and Spoiled Identities	242	(6)
Embarrassment and Saving Face	242	(2)
Cooling-Out and Identity Degradation	244	(1)
Stigma	245	(3)
Summary	248	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	249	(1)
Emotions	250	(23)
Introduction	251	(1)
Defining Emotions	251	(1)
Classical Ideas About the Origins of Emotion	252	(1)
Universal Emotions and Facial Expressions	253	(7)
Facial Expressions of Emotion	253	(4)
Cultural Differences in Basic Emotions and Emotional Display	257	(3)
Social Emotions	260	(12)
Cognitive Labeling Theory	261	(3)
Five Social Emotions	264	(6)
Emotion Work	270	(2)
Summary	272	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	272	(1)
Helping and Altruism	273	(26)
Introduction	274	(1)
Motivation to Help Others	275	(4)
Egoism and Cost-Reward Motivation	275	(1)
Altruism and Empathic Concern	276	(1)
Evolution and Helping	277	(2)
Characteristics of the Needy That Foster Helping	279	(3)
Acquaintanceship and Liking	279	(1)
Similarity	280	(1)
Deservingness	280	(2)
Normative Factors in Helping	282	(3)
Norms of Responsibility and Reciprocity	282	(1)
Personal Norms and Helping	283	(2)
Personal and Situational Factors in Helping	285	(3)
Modeling Effects	285	(1)
Gender Differences in Helping	286	(1)
Good and Bad Moods	286	(2)
Guilt and Helping	288	(1)
Bystander Intervention in Emergency Situations	288	(7)
The Decision to Intervene	289	(1)
The Bystander Effect	290	(2)
Costs and Emergency Intervention	292	(3)
Seeking and Receiving Help	295	(2)
Help and Obligation	295	(1)
Threats to Self-Esteem	296	(1)
Summary	297	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	298	(1)
Aggression	299	(26)
Introduction	300	(1)
What Is Aggression?	300	(1)
Aggression and the Motivation to Harm	300	(4)
Aggression as Instinct	301	(1)
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis	301	(2)
Aversive Emotional Arousal	303	(1)
Social Learning and Aggression	304	(1)
Characteristics of Targets That Affect Aggression	304	(5)
Gender and Race	305	(3)
Attribution for Attack	308	(1)
Retaliatory Capacity	308	(1)
Situational Impacts on Aggression	309	(3)
Reinforcements	309	(1)
Modeling	309	(1)
Norms	310	(1)
Stress	310	(1)
Aggressive Cues	311	(1)
Reducing Aggressive Behavior	312	(3)
Reducing Frustration	312	(1)
Punishment to Suppress Aggression	313	(1)
Nonaggressive Models	313	(1)
Catharsis	313	(2)
Aggression in Society	315	(9)
Sexual Assault	315	(4)
Pornography and Violence	319	(1)
Media Violence and Aggression	320	(4)
Summary	324	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	324	(1)
Interpersonal Attraction and Relationships	325	(29)
Introduction	326	(1)
Who Is Available?	327	(2)
Routine Activities	327	(1)
Proximity	327	(1)
Familiarity	328	(1)
Who Is Desirable?	329	(6)
Social Norms	329	(1)
Physical Attractiveness	330	(3)
Exchange Processes	333	(2)
The Determinants of Liking	335	(3)
Similarity	336	(1)
Shared Activities	337	(1)
Reciprocal Liking	338	(1)
The Growth of Relationships	338	(5)
Self-Disclosure	339	(1)
Trust	340	(1)
Interdependence	341	(2)
Love and Loving	343	(4)
Liking Versus Loving	343	(1)
Passionate Love	343	(2)
The Romantic Love Ideal	345	(1)
Love as a Story	345	(2)
Breaking Up	347	(5)
Progress? Chaos?	347	(1)
Unequal Outcomes and Instability	347	(2)
Differential Commitment and Dissolution	349	(1)
Responses to Dissatisfaction	350	(2)
Summary	352	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	353	(1)
Group Cohesion and Conformity	354	(24)
Introduction	355	(1)
What Is a Group?	355	(5)
Group Cohesion	355	(3)
Group Structure and Goals	358	(1)
Roles in Groups	358	(2)
Status of Group Members	360	(5)
Status Characteristics	360	(1)
Status Generalization	361	(2)
Expectation States Theory	363	(1)
Overcoming Status Generalization	364	(1)
Conformity to Group Norms	365	(9)
Group Norms	365	(3)
Conformity	368	(1)
Why Conform?	369	(2)
Increasing Conformity	371	(3)
Minority Influence in Groups	374	(2)
Effectiveness of Minority Influence	374	(1)
Differences Between Minority and Majority Influence	375	(1)
Summary	376	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	377	(1)
Group Structure and Performance	378	(30)
Introduction	379	(1)
Group Leadership	380	(7)
Endorsement of Formal Leaders	381	(1)
Revolutionary and Conservative Coalitions	382	(1)
Activities of Leaders	383	(1)
Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness	383	(4)
Productivity and Performance	387	(6)
The Presence of Others	387	(1)
Group Size	388	(4)
Group Goals	392	(1)
Reward Distribution and Equity	393	(5)
Principles Used in Reward Distribution	393	(1)
Equity Theory	394	(1)
Task Interdependence	395	(2)
Responses to Inequity	397	(1)
Brainstorming	398	(2)
Production Blocking	399	(1)
Group Decision Making	400	(6)
Groupthink	400	(4)
Risky Shift, Cautious Shift, and Group Polarization	404	(2)
Summary	406	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	407	(1)
Intergroup Conflict	408	(24)
Introduction	409	(2)
Intergroup Conflict	410	(1)
Development of Intergroup Conflict	411	(5)
Realistic Group Conflict	411	(1)
Social Identity	412	(3)
Aversive Events and Escalation	415	(1)
Persistence of Intergroup Conflict	416	(5)
Biased Perception of the Out-Group	417	(3)
Changes in Relations Between Conflicting Groups	420	(1)
Impact of Conflict on Within-Group Processes	421	(3)
Group Cohesion	421	(1)
Leadership Militancy	422	(1)
Norms and Conformity	422	(2)
Resolution of Intergroup Conflict	424	(6)
Superordinate Goals	424	(1)
Intergroup Contact	425	(1)
Mediation and Third-Party Intervention	426	(3)
Unilateral Conciliatory Initiatives	429	(1)
Summary	430	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	431	(1)
Life Course and Gender Roles	432	(29)
Introduction	433	(1)
Components of the Life Course	434	(1)
Careers	434	(1)
Identities and Self-Esteem	434	(1)
Stress and Satisfaction	435	(1)
Influences on Life Course Progression	435	(4)
Biological Aging	435	(1)
Social Age Grading	436	(1)
Historical Trends and Events	437	(2)
Stages in the Life Course: Age and Gender Roles	439	(16)
Stage I: Achieving Independence	440	(2)
Stage II: Balancing Family and Work Commitments	442	(7)
Stage III: Performing Adult Roles	449	(2)
Stage IV: Coping with Loss	451	(4)
Historical Variations	455	(4)
Women's Work: Gender Role Attitudes and Behavior	455	(2)
Impact of Events	457	(2)
Summary	459	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	460	(1)
Social Structure and Personality	461	(32)
Introduction	462	(1)
Status Attainment	463	(8)
Occupational Status	463	(2)
Intergenerational Mobility	465	(6)
Social Networks	471	(1)
Individual Values	471	(3)
Occupational Role	473	(1)
Education	474	(1)
Social Influences on Health	474	(14)
Physical Health	475	(4)
Mental Health	479	(9)
Alienation	488	(3)
Self-Estrangement	488	(2)
Powerlessness	490	(1)
Summary	491	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	492	(1)
Deviant Behavior and Social Reaction	493	(31)
Introduction	494	(1)
The Violation of Norms	494	(9)
Norms	494	(1)
Anomie Theory	495	(3)
Control Theory	498	(3)
Differential Association Theory	501	(2)
Routine Activities Perspective	503	(1)
Reactions to Norm Violations	503	(7)
Reactions to Rule Breaking	506	(1)
Determinants of the Reaction	506	(3)
Consequences of Labeling	509	(1)
Labeling and Secondary Deviance	510	(4)
Societal Reaction	510	(3)
Secondary Deviance	513	(1)
Formal Social Controls	514	(8)
Formal Labeling and the Creation of Deviance	515	(6)
Long-Term Effects of Formal Labeling	521	(1)
Summary	522	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	523	(1)
Collective Behavior and Social Movements	524	(29)
Introduction	525	(1)
Collective Behavior	525	(15)
Crowds	526	(4)
Gatherings	530	(2)
Underlying Causes of Collective Behavior	532	(3)
Precipitating Incidents	535	(1)
Empirical Studies of Riots	536	(4)
Social Movements	540	(12)
The Development of a Movement	541	(4)
Social Movement Organizations	545	(6)
The Consequences of Social Movements	551	(1)
Summary	552	(1)
List of Key Terms and Concepts	552	(1)
Glossary	553	(14)
References	567	(84)
Credits	651	(2)
Name Index	653	(22)
Subject Index	675