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Elliot Aronson
Elliot Aronson is one of the most renowned social psychologists in the world. In 2002 he was chosen as one of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the twentieth century. He is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of California at Santa Cruz and Distinguished Visiting Professor at Stanford University.
Dr. Aronson is the only person in the 110-year history of the American Psychological Association to have received all three of its major awards: for distinguished writing, distinguished teaching, and distinguished research. Many other professional societies have honored his research and teaching as well. These include: the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which gave him its highest honor, the Distinguished Scientific Research award; the American Council for the Advancement and Support of Education, which named him Professor of the Year of 1989; the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, which awarded him the Gordon Allport prize for his contributions to the reduction of prejudice among racial and ethnic groups. In 1992, he was named a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has served as President of the Western Psychological Association as well as President of the Society of Personality and Social Psychology.
Tim Wilson
Tim Wilson did his undergraduate work at Williams College and Hampshire College and received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. Currently Sherrell J. Aston Professor of Psychology at the University of Virginia, he has published numerous articles in the areas of introspection, attitude change, self-knowledge, and affective forecasting, as well as the recent book, Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious. His research has received the support of the National Science Foundation and the National Institute for Mental Health. He has been associate editor of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and a member of the Social and Groups Processes Review Committee at the National Institute of Mental Health. He has been elected twice to the Executive Board of the Society for Experimental Social Psychology and is a Fellow in the American Psychological Society. Wilson has taught the Introduction to Social Psychology course at the University of Virginia for more than twenty years. He was recently awarded an All University Outstanding Teaching Award.
Robin Akert
Robin Akert graduated summa cum laude from the University of California at Santa Cruz, where she majored in psychology and sociology. She received her Ph.D. in experimental social psychology from Princeton University. She is currently a professor of psychology at Wellesley College, where she was awarded the Pinanski Prize for Excellence in Teaching early in her career. She publishes primarily in the area of nonverbal communication and recently received the AAUW American Fellowship in support of her research. She has taught the social psychology course at Wellesley College every semester for over twenty years.
Introducing Social Psychology | |
What Is Social Psychology? | |
The Power of Social Interpretation | |
How Else Can We Understand Social Influence? | |
Social Psychology Compared with Personality Psychology | |
Social Psychology Compared with Sociology | |
The Power of Social Influence | |
Underestimating the Power of Social Influence | |
The Subjectivity of the Social Situation | |
Where Construals Come From: Basic Human Motives | |
The Self-Esteem Approach: The Need to Feel Good About Ourselves | |
The Social Cognition Approach: The Need to Be Accurate | |
Additional Motives | |
Social Psychology and Social Problems | |
Summary | |
Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research | |
Social Psychology: an Empirical Science | |
Formulating Hypotheses and Theories | |
Inspiration from Earlier Theories and Research | |
Hypotheses Based on Personal Observations | |
The Observational Method: Describing Social Behavior | |
Archival Analysis | |
Limits of the Observational Method | |
The Correlational Method: Predicting Social Behavior | |
Surveys | |
Connections: Random Selection in Political Polls | |
Limits of the Correlational Method: Correlation Does Not Equal Causation | |
The Experimental Method: Answering Causal Questions | |
Independent and Dependent Variables | |
Internal Validity in Experiments | |
External Validity in Experiments | |
Basic Versus Applied Research | |
New Frontiers In Social Psychological Research | |
Culture and Social Psychology | |
The Evolutionary Approach | |
Social Neuroscience | |
Ethical Issues in Social Psychology | |
Guidelines for Ethical Research | |
Summary | |
Social Cognition: How We Think about the Social World | |
On Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking | |
People as Everyday Theorists: Automatic Thinking with Schemas | |
Mental Strategies and Shortcuts | |
The Power of Unconscious Thinking | |
Cultural Differences in Social Cognition | |
Controlled Social Cognition: High-Effort Thinking | |
Mentally Undoing the Past: Counterfactual Reasoning | |
Thought Suppression and Ironic Processing | |
Improving Human Thinking | |
The Amadou Diallo Case Revisited | |
Summary | |
Social Perception: How We Come to Understand Other People | |
Nonverbal Behavior | |
Facial Expressions of Emotion | |
Culture and the Channels of Nonverbal Communication | |
Multichannel Nonverbal Communication | |
CONNECTIONS: The E-Mail Dilemma | |
Communicating without Nonverbal Cues | |
Implicit Personality Theories: Filling In the Blanks | |
Culture and Implicit Personality Theories | |
Causal Attribution: Answering the "Why" Question | |
The Nature of the Attribution Process | |
The Covariation Model: Internal versus External Attributions | |
The Correspondence Bias: People as Personality Psychologists | |
CONNECTIONS: Police Interrogations and the Correspondence Bias | |
Culture and the Correspondence Bias | |
The Actor/Observer Difference | |
Self-Serving Attributions | |
Culture and Other Attributional Biases | |
Summary | |
The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context | |
Self-Knowledge | |
Cultural Differences in Defining the Self | |
Gender Differences in Defining the Self | |
Knowing Ourselves Through Introspection | |
Knowing Ourselves by Observing Our Own Behavior | |
Mindsets: Understanding Our Own Abilities | |
Using Other People to Know Ourselves | |
SELF-control: The EXECUTIVE FUNCTION OF THE SELF | |
Impression Management: All the World's a Stage | |
Culture, Impression Management, and Self-Enhancement | |
Criticial Thinking: How Could You Use This? | |
Summary | |
The Need to Justify Our Actions | |
The Costs and Benefits of Dissonance Reduction | |
Maintaining a Stable, Positive Self-Image | |
The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance | |
Rational Behavior versus Rationalizing Behavior | |
Decisions, Decisions, Decisions | |
Dissonance, the Brain, and Evolution | |
Justifying Your Effort | |
The Psychology of Insufficient Justification | |
Advocacy and Hypocrisy Applied to Social Problems | |
Good and Bad Deeds | |
Culture and Dissonance | |
Some Final Thoughts on Dissonance: Learning from Our Mistakes | |
Heaven's Gate Revisited | |
Summary | |
Attitudes and Attitude Change: Influencing Thoughts and Feelings | |
The Nature and Origin of Attitudes | |
Where Do Attitudes Come From? | |
Explicit versus Implicit Attitudes | |
How Do Attitudes Change? | |
Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior: Cognitive Dissonance Theory Revisited | |
Persuasive Communications and Attitude Change | |
Emotion and Attitude Change | |
Confidence in One's Thoughts and Attitude Change | |
Resisting Persuasive Messages | |
Attitude Inoculation | |
Be Alert to Product Placement | |
Resisting Peer Pressure | |
When Persuasion Attempts Boomerang: Reactance Theory | |
When Will Attitudes Predict Behavior? | |
Predicting Spontaneous Behaviors | |
Predicting Deliberative Behaviors | |
The Power of Advertising | |
Connections: Do Media Campaigns to Reduce Drug Use Work? | |
How Advertising Works | |
Subliminal Advertising: A Form of Mind Control? | |
Advertising, Cultural Stereotypes, and Social Behavior | |
Summary | |
Conformity: Influencing Behavior | |
Conformity: When And Why | |
Informational Social Influence: The Need To Know What'S "Right" | |
The Importance of Being Accurate | |
When Informational Conformity Backfires | |
When Will People Conform to Informational Social Influence? | |
Normative Social Influence: The Need To Be Accepted | |
Conformity and Social Approval: The Asch Line Judgment Studies | |
The Importance of Being Accurate, Revisited | |
The Consequences of Resisting Normative Social Influence | |
Normative Social Influence in Everyday Life | |
When Will People Conform to Normative Social Influence? | |
Minority Influence: When the Few Influence the Many | |
CONNECTIONS: The Power of Propaganda | |
Using Social Influence To Promote Beneficial Behavior | |
The Role of Injunctive and Descriptive Norms | |
Obedience To Authority | |
The Role of Normative Social Influence | |
The Role of Informational Social Influence | |
Other Reasons Why We Obey | |
The Obedience Studies, Then and Now | |
Summary | |
Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups | |
What is A Group? | |
Why Do People Join Groups? | |
The Composition and Functions of Groups | |
Groups and Individuals' Behavior | |
Social Facilitation: When the Presence of Others Energizes Us | |
Social Loafing: When the Presence of Others Relaxes Us | |
Gender and Cultural Differences in Social Loafing: Who Slacks Off the Most? | |
Deindividuation: Getting Lost in the Crowd | |
Group Decisions: are Two (or More) Heads Better Than One? | |
Process Loss: When Group Interactions Inhibit Good Problem Solving | |
CONNECTIONS: Was the Decision to Invade Iraq a Result of Groupthink? | |
Group Polarization: Going to Extremes | |
Leadership in Groups | |
Conflict and Cooperation | |
Social Dilemmas | |
Using Threats to Resolve Conflict | |
Effects of Communication | |
Negotiation and Bargaining | |
Critical Thinking: How Could You Use This? | |
Summary | |
Interpersonal Attraction:From First Impressions to Close Relationships | |
What Causes Attraction? | |
The Person Next Door: The Propinquity Effect | |
Similarity | |
Reciprocal Liking | |
Physical Attractiveness and Liking | |
Theories of Interpersonal Attraction: Social Exchange and Equity | |
Close Relationships | |
Defining Love | |
Culture and Love | |
Love and Relationships | |
Evolution and Love: Choosing a Mate | |
CONNECTIONS: Does Ovulation Affect Perceptions of Male Attractiveness? | |
Attachment Styles in Intimate Relationships | |
CONNECTIONS: This Is Your Brain.In Love | |
Social Exchange in Long-Term Relationships | |
Equity in Long-Term Relationships | |
Ending Intimate Relationships | |
The Process of Breaking Up | |
The Experience of Breaking Up | |
Summary | |
Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help? | |
Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help? | |
Evolutionary Psychology: Instincts and Genes | |
Social Exchange: The Costs and Rewards of Helping | |
Empathy and Altruism: The Pure Motive for Helping | |
Personal Qualities and Prosocial Behavior: Why Do Some People Help More Than Others? | |
Individual Differences: The Altruistic Personality | |
Gender Differences in Prosocial Behavior | |
Cultural Differences in Prosocial Behavior | |
Religion and Prosocial Behavior | |
The Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior | |
Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behavior: When will People Help? | |
Environment: Rural versus Urban | |
Residential Mobility | |
The Number of Bystanders: The Bystander Effect | |
The Nature of the Relationship: Communal versus Exchange Relationships | |
How can Helping be Increased? | |
Increasing the Likelihood that Bystanders Will Intervene | |
Positive Psychology and Prosocial Behavior | |
CONNECTIONS: Increasing Volunteerism | |
Summary | |
Aggression: Why Do We Hurt Other People? | |
Can We Prevent It? | |
What is Aggression? | |
Is Aggression Inborn or Learned? | |
Is Aggression Instinctual? | |
Situational? | |
Optional? | |
Aggression and Culture | |
Neural and Chemical Influences on Aggression | |
Gender and Aggression | |
Alcohol and Aggression | |
Pain, Discomfort, and Aggression | |
Social Situations and Aggression | |
Frustration and Aggression | |
Being Provoked and Reciprocating | |
Aggressive Objects as Cues | |
Endorsement, Imitation and Aggression | |
Violence in the Media: TV, Movies, and Video Games | |
Does Violence Sell? | |
Violent Pornography and Violence against Women | |
How to Reduce Aggression | |
Does Punishing Aggression Reduce Aggressive Behavior? | |
Catharsis and Aggression | |
The Effect of War on General Aggression | |
What Are We Supposed to Do with Our Anger? | |
Teaching Empathy in School | |
Could the Columbine Massacre Have Been Prevented? | |
Summary | |
Prejudice: Causes and Cures | |
Prejudice: The Ubiquitous Prejudice: the ubiquitous Social Phenomenon | |
Prejudice and Self-Esteem | |
A Progress Report | |
Prejudice Defined | |
Stereotypes: The Cognitive Component | |
Discrimination: The Behavioral Component | |
What Causes Prejudice? | |
The Way We Think: Social Cognition | |
How We Assign Meaning: Attributional Biases | |
Blaming the Victim | |
Prejudice and Economic Competition: Realistic Conflict Theory | |
The Way We Conform: Normative Rules | |
Subtle Sexism | |
How Can Prejudice be Reduced? | |
The Contact Hypothesis | |
When Contact Reduces Prejudice: Six Conditions | |
Why Early Desegregation Failed | |
Cooperation and Interdependence: The Jigsaw Classroom | |
Why Does Jigsaw Work? | |
Summary | |
Social Psychology in Action 1 | |
Making a Difference with Social Psychology: Attaining a Sustainable Future | |
Applied Research In Social Psychology | |
Capitalizing on the Experimental Method | |
Social Psychology to the Rescue | |
Using Social Psychology to Achieve a Sustainable Future | |
Resolving Social Dilemmas | |
Conveying and Changing Social Norms | |
Making It Easy to Keep Track of Consumption | |
Introducing a Little Competitiveness | |
Inducing Hypocrisy | |
Removing Small Barriers to Achieve Big Changes | |
Happiness and a Sustainable Life Style | |
What Makes People Happy? | |
Money, Materialism, and Happiness | |
Do People Know What Makes Them Happy? | |
Summary | |
Social Psychology in Action 2: Social Psychology and Health | |
Stress and Human Health | |
Resilience | |
Perceived Stress and Health | |
Feeling in Charge: The Importance of Perceived Control | |
Knowing You Can Do It: Self-Efficacy | |
Explaining Negative Events: Learned Helplessness | |
Optimism: Looking on the Bright Side | |
Coping With Stress | |
Gender Differences in Coping with Stress | |
Social Support: Getting Help from Others | |
Opening Up: Making Sense of Traumatic Events | |
Prevention: Promoting Healthier Behavior | |
Preventable Health Problems | |
Social Psychological Interventions: Targeting Safer Sex | |
Summary | |
Social Psychology in Action 3: Social Psychology and the Law | |
Eyewitness Testimony | |
Why Are Eyewitnesses Often Wrong? | |
Judging Whether Eyewitnesses Are Mistaken | |
Judging Whether Witnesses Are Lying | |
Can Eyewitness Testimony Be Improved? | |
The Recovered Memory Debate | |
Juries: Group Processes in Action | |
How Jurors Process Information during the Trial | |
Confessions: Are They Always What They Seem? | |
Deliberations in the Jury Room | |
Why Do People Obey The Law? | |
Do Severe Penalties Deter Crime? | |
Procedural Justice: People's Sense of Fairness | |
Summary | |
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