Sociology for the Twenty-First Century

by Curry, Tim; Jiobu, Robert; Schwirian, Kent

• ISBN13: 9780132288217
• ISBN10: 0132288214
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This introduction to sociology helps individuals explore how they learn and how to use learning strategies for more effective study.Its four-part organization covers specific topics under the headings of: perspective and method, social inequality, social institutions, and working for change. A focus on deviance and crime includes an extensive discussion of crime, crime rates, and the criminal justice system.For those pondering some of the many issues facing society today.

Table of Contents

Box Features	p. xvii
Preface	p. xix
Learning Styles: An Important Part of Successful Studying	p. xxvi
About the Authors	p. xxxv
Perspective and Method
What Is Sociology?	p. 2
Chapter Preview	p. 2
The Sociological Viewpoint	p. 2
The Origins of Sociology and Three Central Figures: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber	p. 4
Karl Marx (1818-1883)	p. 7
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)	p. 9
Max Weber (1864-1920)	p. 10
Marx, Durkheim, and Weber Compared	p. 11
Perspectives Within Sociology	p. 12
The Functionalist Perspective	p. 12
The Conflict Perspective	p. 13
The Symbolic Interaction Perspective	p. 14
Sociology and Social Concerns	p. 15
Sociology's Four Realms	p. 16
The Sociological Imagination	p. 17
Sociology and the Twenty-First Century	p. 19
Study Guide	p. 21
Sociological Research Methods	p. 26
Chapter Preview	p. 28
Theory and Hypothesis	p. 28
Theory	p. 28
Methodological Requirements and Concepts	p. 29
Variables and Constants	p. 29
Nominal and Operational Definitions	p. 30
Reliability and Validity	p. 31
Research Methods	p. 31
Quantitative Methods	p. 31
Controlled Experiment	p. 35
Qualitative Methods	p. 36
Participant Observation	p. 37
Image Analysis	p. 38
Quantitative and Qualitative Methods Compared	p. 38
Ethics and Research	p. 39
Research Methods in the Twenty-First Century	p. 40
Study Guide	p. 42
Culture, Society, and Social Change	p. 46
Chapter Preview	p. 48
Culture and Society	p. 48
Values and Norms	p. 49
Symbols and Language	p. 50
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity	p. 51
Types of Societies	p. 53
Hunting and Gathering Societies	p. 53
Horticultural and Pastoral Societies	p. 54
Agrarian Societies	p. 55
Industrial Societies	p. 56
Postindustrial Societies	p. 57
Transitional Societies	p. 57
The Great Social Transformation	p. 58
Communal Relationships	p. 59
Associational Relationships	p. 59
The Great Social Transformation and This Text	p. 60
Theories of Change and Development	p. 61
Social Change and the Credit Card	p. 61
Social Evolution	p. 63
Functionalism and Social Evolution	p. 64
Modernization Theory	p. 65
Conflict Theory and Change: World Systems	p. 65
Catalysts for Change	p. 67
Human Agency: Individual and Collective	p. 67
Revolution and War	p. 68
Cultural Processes	p. 69
Population	p. 69
Natural Catastrophes	p. 71
Technology	p. 71
Culture, Society, and Social Change in the Twenty-First Century	p. 73
Study Guide	p. 74
Socialization	p. 80
Chapter Preview	p. 82
The Great Social Transformation and Socialization	p. 82
Socialization and the Life Course	p. 82
Socialization and Stages of the Life Course	p. 82
Death and Dying	p. 87
Agents of Socialization	p. 88
Socialization and the Self	p. 91
Cooley: The Looking Glass Self	p. 92
Mead: Role Taking	p. 92
Moral Socialization	p. 94
Sigmund Freud	p. 95
Erik Erikson	p. 95
Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg	p. 97
Carol Gilligan: Morality and Gender	p. 98
Resocialization and Total Institutions	p. 100
Socialization and the Twenty-First Century	p. 103
Study Guide	p. 104
Deviance and Crime	p. 108
Chapter Preview	p. 110
The Great Social Transformation and Deviance and Crime	p. 110
Deviance and Crime	p. 110
Crime Rates	p. 113
Explanations of Deviance and Crime	p. 119
Functionalist Explanations	p. 119
Symbolic Interactionist Explanations	p. 120
Conflict Theory	p. 122
Demographics	p. 123
The Criminal Justice System	p. 125
The Police	p. 125
The Courts	p. 126
Punishment and Corrections	p. 127
Deviance and Crime in the Twenty-First Century	p. 130
Study Guide	p. 132
Interaction, Groups, and Organizations	p. 138
Chapter Preview	p. 140
The Great Social Transformation and Interaction, Groups, and Organizations	p. 140
Social Interaction	p. 141
Types of Interaction	p. 141
Components of Interaction	p. 142
Role	p. 144
Groups	p. 150
Types of Groups	p. 150
Group Dynamics	p. 153
Organizations	p. 158
Types of Organizations	p. 158
Bureaucracies	p. 159
The Corporation	p. 161
Interaction, Groups, and Organizations in the Twenty-First Century	p. 162
Study Guide	p. 165
Social Inequality
Inequalities of Social Class	p. 170
Chapter Preview	p. 172
The Great Social Transformation and the Inequalities of Social Class	p. 172
Caste and Class	p. 172
Caste Systems	p. 172
Class Systems	p. 174
Socioeconomic Status and Class in the United States	p. 175
Determinants of Socioeconomic Status	p. 176
The Class System in the United States	p. 177
Description of the LJ.S. Classes	p. 178
The Myth and the Reality of Mobility in the United States	p. 184
Amount of Mobility	p. 184
Determinants of Mobility	p. 185
Ideological Support for Inequality	p. 185
Poverty in the Land of Riches	p. 187
What Is Poverty?	p. 189
The Truly Disadvantaged	p. 190
The Culture of Poverty	p. 190
Sociological Analysis of Stratification and Class	p. 191
The Functionalist Perspective	p. 192
The Conflict Perspective	p. 192
Distributive Systems Theory	p. 194
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 195
Social Class Inequality in the Twenty First Century	p. 197
Study Guide	p. 200
Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity	p. 206
Chapter Preview	p. 208
The Great Social Transformation and Racial and Ethnic Inequalities	p. 208
Race and Ethnicity	p. 209
Race	p. 209
Ethnicity	p. 209
Minority	p. 210
Prejudice and Discrimination	p. 210
Stereotypes	p. 212
Institutional Racism	p. 212
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Interaction	p. 213
Assimilation	p. 213
Pluralism	p. 215
Expulsion and Annihilation	p. 216
Racial and Ethnic Groups in the United States	p. 218
White Americans	p. 218
Native Americans	p. 219
African Americans	p. 221
Hispanic Americans	p. 225
Asian Americans	p. 228
Sociological Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Inequality	p. 231
The Functionalist Perspective	p. 232
The Conflict Perspective	p. 232
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 233
Racial and Ethnic Relations in the Twenty-First Century	p. 234
Study Guide	p. 237
Inequalities of Gender	p. 242
Chapter Preview	p. 244
The Great Social Transformation and Gender Inequality	p. 244
Gender-Role Socialization	p. 244
Socialization and Gender	p. 245
Agents of Gender Socialization	p. 246
Age and Gender-Role Socialization	p. 248
Patriarchy and Everyday Life	p. 249
Language and Patriarchy	p. 249
Social Interaction and Patriarchy	p. 250
Gender Inequality and Work	p. 250
Working Women	p. 251
Work Segregation	p. 251
Income Inequality	p. 254
Feminism	p. 256
Gender Equality and the Law	p. 256
Comparable Worth	p. 257
Abortion	p. 257
Resistance to Compulsory Heterosexism	p. 258
Inclusive Feminism	p. 258
Sociological Analysis of Gender Inequality	p. 259
The Functionalist Perspective	p. 259
The Conflict Perspective	p. 260
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 260
Gender Inequality in the Twenty-First Century	p. 261
Study Guide	p. 263
Social Institutions
The Economy	p. 268
Chapter Preview	p. 270
The Great Social Transformation and the Economy	p. 270
Economy and Society	p. 271
Capitalism	p. 271
Socialism	p. 273
Mixed Economies: Convergence	p. 274
The Corporation and the Society	p. 275
The Corporation and the Concentration of Power	p. 275
Multinationals	p. 277
Unemployment and Job Loss Anxiety	p. 279
Society and Unemployment	p. 279
Job Loss Anxiety	p. 281
Sociological Analysis of the Economic Order	p. 283
The Functionalist Perspective	p. 283
The Conflict Perspective	p. 286
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 286
The Economy in the Twenty-First Century	p. 288
Study Guide	p. 292
The Political Order	p. 298
Chapter Preview	p. 300
The Great Social Transformation and the Political Order	p. 300
Power and the Political Order	p. 300
Traditional Authority	p. 301
Legal-Rational Authority	p. 301
Charismatic Authority	p. 302
The State and the Exercise of Power	p. 303
Types of States	p. 303
Nations and States	p. 304
War and Terrorism	p. 305
Terrorism	p. 307
States and Human Rights	p. 310
Political Processes in the United States	p. 311
Political Parties	p. 311
Special-Interest Groups	p. 313
Voting	p. 314
Power-Elite and Pluralist Models	p. 315
The Power-Elite Model	p. 315
The Pluralist Model	p. 315
Sociological Analysis of the Political Order	p. 318
The Functionlist Perspective	p. 318
The Conflict Perspective	p. 319
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 319
The Political Order in the Twenty-First Century	p. 321
Study Guide	p. 324
Marriage and the Family	p. 330
Chapter Preview	p. 332
The Great Social Transformation and Marriage and the Family	p. 332
Types of Families	p. 333
Marriage and Kinship	p. 333
Kinship Patterns	p. 334
Marriage	p. 335
Romantic Love	p. 336
Courtship	p. 337
Dimensions of Marriage and Family	p. 338
Alternative Family Forms in the United States	p. 340
Serial Monogamy	p. 341
The Single-Parent Family	p. 341
Gay and Lesbian Families	p. 342
Cohabitation	p. 342
Independent Living	p. 343
Racial and Ethnic Variations in Family Forms	p. 344
The African American Family	p. 344
The Mexican American Family	p. 345
Issues in Marriage	p. 347
Marital Dissolution	p. 347
Explaining Marital Dissolution	p. 347
Domestic Violence	p. 349
Sociological Analysis of Marriage and Family	p. 350
The Functionalist Perspective	p. 351
The Conflict Perspective	p. 352
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 352
Marriage and Family in the Twenty-First Century	p. 354
Study Guide	p. 356
Education	p. 362
Chapter Preview	p. 364
The Great Social Transformation and Education	p. 364
Cross Cultural Comparisons: The United States and Japan	p. 364
Education in the United States	p. 365
Education in Japan	p. 369
Education and Inequality	p. 372
Education and the Racial-Ethnic Segregation	p. 372
Education and Language	p. 373
Education, Testing, and Inequality	p. 373
Education and Gender	p. 374
Education and Tracking	p. 376
Changing the Educational System	p. 376
Magnet Schools	p. 377
Charter Schools	p. 377
Freedom of Choice	p. 377
No Child Left Behind	p. 378
Home Schooling	p. 378
Sociological Analysis of Education	p. 380
The Functionalist Perspective	p. 380
The Conflict Perspective	p. 381
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 383
Education in the Twenty-First Century	p. 385
Study Guide	p. 387
Religion	p. 392
Chapter Preview	p. 394
The Great Social Transformation and Religion	p. 394
The Elements of Religion	p. 395
Characteristics of Religion	p. 395
Types of Religion	p. 397
Varieties of Religion	p. 399
Christianity	p. 399
Islam	p. 399
Judaism	p. 400
Eastern Religions	p. 401
Sociological Aspects of Religion	p. 403
The Functionalist Perspective	p. 403
The Conflict Perspective	p. 404
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 405
Secularism and Civil Religion	p. 406
Secularism	p. 406
Religion in the Twenty-First Century	p. 409
Study Guide	p. 413
Medicine and Health Care	p. 418
Chapter Preview	p. 420
The Great Social Transformation and Medicine and Health Care	p. 420
Health and Society	p. 421
The Historical Development of Medicine in the United States	p. 421
The Social Organization of Medicine	p. 422
Health Care Organizations	p. 423
Sociological Issues in Medicine and Health Care	p. 426
Inequality in Health and Health Care	p. 426
The Cost of Health Care	p. 427
Health Insurance	p. 429
The Medicalization of Society	p. 432
Sociological Analysis of Medicine and Health Care	p. 433
The Functionalist Perspective	p. 433
The Conflict Perspective	p. 436
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective	p. 437
Medicine and Health Care in the Twenty-First Century	p. 439
Study Guide	p. 441
Working for Change
Population, Ecology, and Urbanization	p. 446
Chapter Preview	p. 448
The Great Social Transformation, and Population, Ecology, and Urbanization	p. 448
Demographic Analysis	p. 448
Fertility	p. 450
Mortality	p. 452
Migration	p. 453
The Demographic Transition and the Growth of Population	p. 455
Population Growth and the Environment	p. 457
The Malthusian Trap	p. 457
The Contemporary Debate over Malthus's Predictions	p. 457
Human Ecology	p. 459
Attitudes about the Environment	p. 460
Urbanization	p. 462
The Historical City	p. 463
Cities Today	p. 464
Urbanism: The Urban Way of Life	p. 469
Population, Ecology, and Urbanization in the Twenty-First Century	p. 471
Study Guide	p. 473
Collective Social Action	p. 478
Chapter Preview	p. 480
The Great Social Transformation and Collective Social Action	p. 480
Collective Behavior	p. 481
Crowds	p. 482
Riots, Panics, and Rumors	p. 483
Social Theory and Crowd Behavior	p. 485
Social Movements	p. 487
Types of Social Movements	p. 487
Social Theory and Social Movements	p. 488
Social Movements in the United States	p. 491
The Civil Rights Movement	p. 492
The Women's Movement	p. 493
The Environmental Movement	p. 494
Relations among Social Movements	p. 498
Collective Social Action and Working for Change	p. 498
Changing Individuals	p. 499
Changing Organizations	p. 499
Changing Institutions	p. 500
Why People Resist Change	p. 500
Collective Social Action in the Twenty-First Century	p. 501
Study Guide	p. 503
Study Guide Answers	p. 509
Glossary	p. 513
References	p. 520
Photo Credits	p. 546
Name Index	p. 547
Subject Index	p. 555
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