Solar Heating Systems for Houses

by Weiss, Werner

• ISBN13: 9781902916460
• ISBN10: 1902916468
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-11-01
• Publisher: ROUTLEDGE

Summary

This is the must-have book for leaders in business, organizations and government scrambling to get a grip on sustainability while improving performance in the era of climate change.Renowned business and sustainability consultant Alan AtKisson distils d

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Solar combisystems and the global energy challenge	p. 1
Towards a sustainable energy future	p. 1
The contribution of solar thermal energy to the overall heat demand in Europe	p. 3
Collector area in operation in the year 2000 in Europe	p. 3
Current and medium-term energy supply from solar heating systems	p. 5
Solar combisystems--a promising solution	p. 6
References	p. 9
The solar resource	p. 10
Solar radiation and ambient temperature	p. 10
Availability of climatic data	p. 15
Test Reference Years	p. 15
Weather data generators	p. 16
References	p. 16
Internet sites for climatic data	p. 16
Heat demand of buildings	p. 17
Thermal quality of buildings	p. 17
The reference buildings of Task 26	p. 20
Space heating demand	p. 22
Hot water consumption	p. 28
DHW load profiles on a 1 minute timescale	p. 29
DHW load profiles on a 6 minute timescale	p. 33
DHW load profiles on an hourly timescale	p. 35
Final remarks	p. 35
References	p. 36
Generic solar combisystems	p. 38
Basic features of solar combisystems--a short summary	p. 38
Comparison of combisystems with solar water heaters	p. 38
Stratification in water storage devices	p. 39
Classification of solar combisystems	p. 41
The generic solar combisystems considered	p. 43
Technical description of the generic systems	p. 48
General remarks	p. 48
The symbols used	p. 49
System #1: basic direct solar floor (France)	p. 51
System #2: heat exchanger between collector loop and space heating loop (Denmark)	p. 53
System #3a: advanced direct solar floor (France)	p. 55
System #4: DHW tank as a space heating storage device (Denmark and the Netherlands)	p. 57
System #5: DHW tank as space heating storage device with drainback capability (the Netherlands)	p. 59
System #6: heat storage in DHW tank and in collector drainback tank (the Netherlands)	p. 61
System #7: space heating store with a single load-side heat exchanger for DHW (Finland)	p. 62
System #8: space heating store with double load-side heat exchanger for DHW (Switzerland)	p. 64
System #9: small DHW tank in space heating tank (Switzerland, Austria and Norway)	p. 66
System #10: advanced small DHW tank in space heating tank (Switzerland)	p. 69
System #11: space heating store with DHW load-side heat exchanger(s) and external auxiliary boiler (Finland and Sweden)	p. 71
System #12: space heating store with DHW load-side heat exchanger(s) and external auxiliary boiler (advanced version) (Sweden)	p. 73
System #13: two stores (series) (Austria)	p. 75
System #14: two stores (parallel) (Austria)	p. 77
System #15: two stratifiers in a space heating storage tank with an external load-side heat exchanger for DHW (Germany)	p. 79
System #16: conical stratifer in space heating store with load-side heat exchanger for DHW (Germany)	p. 81
System #17: tank open to the atmosphere with three heat exchangers (Germany)	p. 83
System #18: finned-tube load-side DHW heat exchanger in stratifier (Germany)	p. 85
System #19: centralized heat production, distributed heat load, stratified storage (Austria)	p. 87
Large systems for seasonal heat storage	p. 90
Reference	p. 92
Building-related aspects of solar combisystems	p. 93
Space requirements	p. 93
Is a low space requirement always desirable?	p. 93
How to achieve a low space requirement?	p. 94
Space requirements of the 20 generic combisystems	p. 95
Architectural integration of collector arrays	p. 99
Roof integration	p. 101
Facade integration	p. 107
Aesthetic aspects	p. 119
Project planning and boiler room	p. 122
References	p. 123
Further reading	p. 124
Performance of solar combisystems	p. 125
Reference conditions	p. 125
Boiler parameters	p. 126
Collector parameters	p. 128
Pipe parameters	p. 128
Storage parameters	p. 129
Electricity consumption of system components	p. 130
Combined total energy consumption	p. 134
Fractional energy savings	p. 135
Target functions	p. 136
Penalty functions	p. 137
Combisystems characterization	p. 141
FSC method	p. 141
Cost analysis	p. 154
References	p. 162
Durability and reliability of solar combisystems	p. 163
General considerations	p. 163
Durable materials	p. 163
Reliable components and systems	p. 165
Quantitative assessment of system reliability	p. 168
Stagnation behaviour	p. 171
Stagnation in solar combisystems	p. 171
Stagnation in pressurized collector loops with expansion vessels	p. 173
Drainback technology	p. 182
References	p. 189
Dimensioning of solar combisystems	p. 191
Dimensioning guidelines	p. 192
Collector slope and orientation	p. 192
Collector and store size	p. 194
Climate and load	p. 197
The boiler and the annual energy balance	p. 198
Design of the heat store	p. 201
Design of the collector circuit	p. 206
Planning and design tools	p. 208
The Task 26 nomogram	p. 211
The Task 26 design tool	p. 213
Simulation of system performance	p. 218
TRNSYS simulations	p. 219
Simulation of Task 26 systems	p. 220
Numerical models for solar combisystems	p. 222
Models used in Task 26	p. 223
Parameter identification and verification	p. 229
References	p. 230
Simulation programs	p. 230
Built examples	p. 231
Single-family house, Wildon, Austria	p. 231
The Gneis-Moos Housing Estate, Salzburg, Austria	p. 234
Single-family house, Koege, Denmark	p. 237
Multi-family house, Evessen, Germany	p. 239
Multi-family house with office, Frankfurt/Main, Germany	p. 243
Single-family house, Colbe, Germany	p. 246
Factory-made systems, Dordrecht, the Netherlands	p. 248
Single-family house, Saint Baldoph, France	p. 251
Single-family house, Saint Alban Leysse, France	p. 254
Single-family house, Falun, Sweden	p. 257
Single-family house, Orebro, Sweden	p. 260
Single-family house, Dombresson, Switzerland	p. 263
Single-family house, Buus, Switzerland	p. 266
Single-family house, Oslo, Norway	p. 269
Klosterenga Ecological Dwellings: multi-family house, Oslo, Norway	p. 272
References	p. 276
Testing and certification of solar combisystems	p. 277
European standards	p. 277
Classification of solar heating systems	p. 278
Current status of the European standards	p. 279
Testing of solar thermal components	p. 280
Collectors	p. 280
Testing of hot water stores	p. 281
Testing of solar heating systems	p. 282
The CSTG test method	p. 283
The DST method	p. 283
The CTSS method	p. 284
The DC and the CCT methods	p. 284
Certification of solar heating systems	p. 286
References	p. 287
Reference library	p. 289
Contents of the reference library sorted by author	p. 289
Vocabulary	p. 296
Terms and definitions	p. 296
Symbols and abbreviations	p. 301
Terms and definitions specific to Chapters 6 and 8	p. 302
References	p. 303
IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programme	p. 304
Completed Tasks	p. 305
Completed Working Groups	p. 305
Current Tasks	p. 305
Current Working Group	p. 306
Task 26	p. 307
Participants	p. 308
Industry participants	p. 309
Index	p. 311
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