SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows (Version 10)

by Pallant, Julie

• ISBN13: 9780335208906
• ISBN10: 0335208908
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Spiral Bound
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: OPEN UNIVERSITY PRESS

Summary

(Open University Press) Presents the research process, research strategy and SPSS techniques in manageable steps. Offers advice, tips, and a discussion of relevant issues such as assumptions and effect size. Outlines each technique and includes step-by-step procedures for performing the analysis, guide to interpreting output, and how to present results in a report. Wire-spiral.

Author Biography

Julie Pallant lectures in statistics in the School of Mathematical Sciences at Swinburne University, Australia. She has worked as a counselling psychologist, and has taught psychology, statistics and research methods at a number of universities.

Table of Contents

Data files and website	xi
Introduction and overview	xii
Structure of this book	xiii
Using this book	xiii
Research tips	xv
Additional resources	xvi
PART ONE GETTING STARTED	1	(26)
Designing a study	3	(9)
Planning the study	3	(2)
Choosing appropriate scales and measures	5	(2)
Preparing a questionnaire	7	(3)
References	10	(2)
Preparing a codebook	12	(3)
Variable names	12	(1)
Coding responses	13	(1)
Coding open-ended questions	14	(1)
Getting to know SPSS	15	(12)
Starting SPSS	15	(1)
Working with data files	15	(3)
SPSS windows	18	(4)
Menus	22	(1)
Dialogue boxes	23	(2)
Closing SPSS	25	(1)
Getting help	25	(2)
PART TWO PREPARING THE DATA FILE	27	(22)
Creating a data file and entering data	29	(13)
Changing the SPSS `Options'	29	(2)
Defining the variables	31	(5)
Entering data	36	(1)
Modifying the data file	37	(3)
Data entry using Excel	40	(2)
Screening and cleaning the data	42	(7)
Checking for errors	42	(3)
Finding the error in the data file	45	(2)
Correcting the error in the data file	47	(1)
References	48	(1)
PART THREE PRELIMINARY ANALYSES	49	(60)
Descriptive statistics	51	(12)
Categorical variables	51	(1)
Continuous variables	52	(2)
Assessing normality	54	(5)
Checking for outliers	59	(3)
References	62	(1)
Using graphs to describe and explore the data	63	(11)
Histograms	63	(1)
Bar graphs	64	(2)
Scatterplots	66	(2)
Boxplots	68	(1)
Line graphs	69	(3)
Editing a chart/graph	72	(1)
Importing charts/graphs into Word documents	73	(1)
Manipulating the data	74	(11)
Calculating total scale scores	74	(4)
Transforming variables	78	(3)
Collapsing a continuous variable into groups	81	(3)
References	84	(1)
Checking the reliability of a scale	85	(4)
Details of example	85	(1)
Procedure for checking the reliability of a scale	86	(1)
Interpreting the output from reliability	87	(1)
Presenting the results from reliability	87	(1)
References	87	(2)
Choosing the right statistic	89	(20)
Overview of the different statistical techniques	89	(4)
The decision-making process	93	(6)
Key features of the major statistical techniques	99	(5)
References	104	(2)
Summary table of the characteristics of the main statistical techniques	106	(3)
PART FOUR STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO EXPLORE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIABLES	109	(60)
Techniques covered in Part Four	109	(1)
Revision of the basics	110	(4)
References	114	(1)
Correlation	115	(15)
Details of example	116	(1)
Summary for correlation	116	(1)
Preliminary analyses for correlation	117	(1)
Procedure for calculating Pearson product-moment correlation	118	(1)
Interpretation of output from correlation	119	(2)
Presenting the results from correlation	121	(1)
Obtaining correlation coefficients between groups of variables	122	(2)
Comparing the correlation coefficients for two groups	124	(2)
Testing the statistical significance of the difference between correlation coefficients	126	(3)
References	129	(1)
Partial correlation	130	(4)
Details of example	130	(1)
Summary for partial correlation	131	(1)
Procedure for partial correlation	131	(1)
Interpretation of output from partial correlation	132	(1)
Presenting the results from partial correlation	133	(1)
References	133	(1)
Multiple regression	134	(17)
Major types of multiple regression	135	(1)
Assumptions of multiple regression	136	(2)
Details of example	138	(1)
Summary for multiple regression	139	(1)
Standard multiple regression	140	(6)
Hierarchical multiple regression	146	(3)
Presenting the results of multiple regression	149	(1)
References	150	(1)
Factor analysis	151	(18)
Steps involved in factor analysis	152	(3)
Details of example	155	(1)
Summary for factor analysis	156	(1)
Procedure for factor analysis	157	(1)
Part 1: Assessing the data and extracting the factors	157	(5)
Part 2: Factor rotation and interpretation	162	(3)
Presenting the results of factor analysis	165	(2)
References	167	(2)
PART FIVE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES TO COMPARE GROUPS	169	(99)
Techniques covered in Part Five	169	(1)
Assumptions	170	(2)
Type 1 error, Type 2 error and power	172	(1)
Planned comparisons/Post-hoc analyses	173	(2)
Effect size	175	(1)
References	176	(1)
T-tests	177	(9)
Independent-samples t-test	177	(1)
Details of example	177	(1)
Summary for independent-samples t-test	178	(1)
Procedure for independent-samples t-test	178	(1)
Interpretation of output from independent-samples t-test	179	(1)
Calculating the effect size for independent-samples t-test	180	(1)
Presenting the results for independent-samples t-test	181	(1)
Paired-samples t-test	181	(1)
Details of example	181	(1)
Summary for paired-samples t-test	182	(1)
Procedure for paired-samples t-test	183	(1)
Interpretation of output for paired-samples t-test	183	(1)
Calculating the effect size for paired-samples t-test	184	(1)
Presenting the results for paired-samples t-test	185	(1)
References	185	(1)
One-way analysis of variance	186	(15)
One-way between-groups ANOVA with post-hoc tests	187	(1)
Details of example	187	(1)
Summary for one-way between-groups ANOVA with post-hoc tests	188	(1)
Procedure for one-way between-groups ANOVA with post-hoc tests	188	(2)
Interpretation of output from one-way between-groups ANOVA with post-hoc tests	190	(1)
Calculating effect size	191	(1)
Presenting the results from one-way between-groups ANOVA with post-hoc tests	192	(1)
One-way between-groups ANOVA with planned comparisons	192	(1)
Specifying coefficient values	193	(1)
Procedure for one-way between-groups ANOVA with planned comparisons	194	(1)
Interpretation of output from one-way between-groups ANOVA with planned comparisons	195	(1)
One-way repeated measures ANOVA	195	(1)
Details of examples	196	(1)
Summary for one-way repeated measures ANOVA	196	(1)
Procedure for one-way repeated measures ANOVA	197	(1)
Interpretation of output from one-way repeated measures ANOVA	198	(1)
Presenting the results from one-way repeated measures ANOVA	199	(1)
References	200	(1)
Two-way between-groups ANOVA	201	(8)
Details of example	201	(1)
Summary for two-way ANOVA	202	(1)
Procedure for two-way ANOVA	203	(2)
Interpretation of output from two-way ANOVA	205	(2)
Presenting the results from two-way ANOVA	207	(1)
Additional analyses if you obtain a significant interaction effect	207	(1)
References	208	(1)
Mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance	209	(8)
Details of example	209	(1)
Summary for mixed between-within ANOVA	210	(1)
Procedure for mixed between-within ANOVA	211	(3)
Interpretation of output from mixed between-within ANOVA	214	(2)
Presenting the results from mixed between-within ANOVA	216	(1)
References	216	(1)
Multivariate analysis of variance	217	(16)
Details of example	218	(1)
Summary for one-way MANOVA	218	(1)
Assumption testing	219	(6)
Performing MANOVA	225	(3)
Interpretation of output from MANOVA	228	(3)
Presenting the results from MANOVA	231	(1)
References	232	(1)
Analysis of covariance	233	(22)
Uses of ANCOVA	233	(1)
Assumptions of ANCOVA	234	(3)
One-way ANCOVA	237	(1)
Details of example	237	(1)
Summary for one-way ANCOVA	238	(1)
Testing assumptions	238	(5)
Procedure for one-way ANCOVA	243	(1)
Interpretation of output from one-way ANCOVA	244	(2)
Presenting the results from one-way ANCOVA	246	(1)
Two-way ANCOVA	246	(1)
Details of example	247	(1)
Summary for two-way ANCOVA	248	(1)
Procedure for two-way ANCOVA	249	(2)
Interpretation of output from two-way ANCOVA	251	(2)
Presenting the results from two-way ANCOVA	253	(1)
References	254	(1)
Non-parametric statistics	255	(13)
Summary of techniques covered in this chapter	255	(1)
Chi-square	256	(4)
Mann-Whitney U Test	260	(1)
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test	261	(2)
Kruskal-Wallis Test	263	(2)
Friedman Test	265	(1)
Spearman's Rank Order Correlation	266	(1)
References	267	(1)
Appendix Details of data files	268	(11)
Part A: Materials relevant to survey.sav	270	(7)
Part B: Materials relevant to experim.sav	277	(2)
Recommended references	279	(4)
Index	283