Statistical DNA Forensics Theory, Methods and Computation

by Fung, Wing Kam; Hu, Yue

• ISBN13: 9780470066362
• ISBN10: 0470066369
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-03-03
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

Statistical methodology plays a key role in ensuring that DNA evidence is collected, interpreted, analyzed and presented correctly. With the recent advances in computer technology, this methodology is more complex than ever before. There are a growing number of books in the area but none are devoted to the computational analysis of evidence. This book presents the methodology of statistical DNA forensics with an emphasis on the use of computational techniques to analyze and interpret forensic evidence.

Author Biography

Wing Kam Fung – Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Hong Kong
With 20 years of lecturing and research experience, Professor Fung has been invited many times to give talks at workshops and international conferences. He has written over 130 papers in statistics, DNA profiling and forensic science, and is currently an Associate Editor for 4 statistical journals.

Yue-Qing Hu – Department of Mathematics, Southeast University
An Associate Professor, Yue-Qing Hu has published over 30 refereed papers, a number of these with Wing Kam Fung.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
List of figures	p. xiii
List of tables	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Statistics, forensic science and the law	p. 1
The use of statistics in forensic DNA	p. 1
Genetic basis of DNA profiling and typing technology	p. 3
Genetic basis	p. 3
Typing technology	p. 4
About the book	p. 5
Probability and statistics	p. 7
Probability	p. 7
Dependent events and conditional probability	p. 9
Law of total probability	p. 10
Bayes' Theorem	p. 11
Binomial probability distribution	p. 12
Multinomial distribution	p. 13
Poisson distribution	p. 14
Normal distribution	p. 14
Likelihood ratio	p. 16
Statistical inference	p. 17
Test of hypothesis	p. 17
Estimation and testing	p. 19
Problems	p. 20
Population genetics	p. 23
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	p. 23
Test for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	p. 25
Observed and expected heterozygosities	p. 25
Chi-square test	p. 27
Fisher's exact test	p. 29
Computer software	p. 30
Other statistics for analysis of a population database	p. 31
Linkage equilibrium	p. 31
Power of discrimination	p. 33
DNA profiling	p. 35
Subpopulation models	p. 37
Relatives	p. 42
Problems	p. 45
Parentage testing	p. 47
Standard trio	p. 47
Paternity index	p. 47
An example	p. 48
Posterior odds and probability of paternity	p. 49
Paternity computer software	p. 52
Steps in running the software	p. 52
The software to deal with an incest case	p. 52
A relative of the alleged father is the true father	p. 54
Alleged father unavailable but his relative is	p. 57
Motherless case	p. 58
Paternity index	p. 58
Computer software and example	p. 59
Motherless case: relatives involved	p. 60
A relative of the alleged father is the true father	p. 60
Alleged father unavailable but his relative is	p. 62
Computer software and example	p. 62
Determination of both parents	p. 63
Probability of excluding a random man from paternity	p. 66
Power of exclusion	p. 68
A random man case	p. 68
A relative case	p. 69
An elder brother case: mother available	p. 71
Other issues	p. 74
Reverse parentage	p. 74
Mutation	p. 75
Problems	p. 76
Testing for kinship	p. 79
Kinship testing of any two persons: HWE	p. 79
Computer software	p. 83
Kinship testing of two persons: subdivided populations	p. 83
Joint genotype probability	p. 83
Relatives involved	p. 87
Examples with software	p. 89
Three persons situation: HWE	p. 91
Computer software and example	p. 95
Three persons situation: subdivided populations	p. 96
Standard trio	p. 96
A relative of the alleged father is the true father	p. 97
Alleged father unavailable but his relative is	p. 99
Example	p. 99
General method and computer software	p. 101
Complex kinship determinations: method and software	p. 102
EasyPA_In_1_Minute software and the method	p. 104
EasyPAnt_In_1_Minute	p. 107
EasyIN_In_1_Minute	p. 107
EasyMISS_In_1_Minute	p. 108
Other considerations: probability of paternity and mutation	p. 110
Problems	p. 111
Interpreting mixtures	p. 113
An illustrative example	p. 113
Some common cases and a case example	p. 115
One victim, one suspect and one unknown	p. 115
One suspect and two unknowns	p. 116
Two suspects and two unknowns	p. 117
Case example	p. 118
Exclusion probability	p. 119
A general approach	p. 121
Population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium	p. 122
Population with multiple ethnic groups	p. 124
Subdivided population	p. 128
Single ethnic group: simple cases	p. 128
Single ethnic group: general situations	p. 128
Multiple ethnic groups	p. 132
Computer software and example	p. 134
NRC II Recommendation 4.1	p. 135
Single ethnic group	p. 135
Multiple ethnic groups	p. 137
Proofs	p. 141
The proof of Equation (6.6)	p. 141
The proof of Equation (6.8)	p. 142
The proof of Equation (6.9)	p. 142
The proofs of Equations (6.11) and (6.12)	p. 142
The proofs of Equations (6.14) and (6.15)	p. 145
Problems	p. 145
Interpreting mixtures in the presence of relatives	p. 147
One pair of relatives: HWE	p. 147
Motivating example	p. 148
A probability formula	p. 149
Tested suspect with an unknown relative	p. 150
Unknown suspect with a tested relative	p. 151
Two related persons were unknown contributors	p. 152
An application	p. 153
Two pairs of relatives: HWE	p. 157
Two unknowns related respectively to two typed persons	p. 159
One unknown is related to a typed person and two other unknowns are related	p. 160
Two pairs of related unknowns	p. 161
Examples	p. 161
Extension	p. 165
Related people from the same subdivided population	p. 165
Introductory example	p. 165
A simple case with one victim, one suspect and one relative	p. 167
General formulas	p. 167
An example analyzed by the software	p. 170
Proofs	p. 172
Preliminary	p. 172
The proof of Equation (7.5)	p. 180
The proof of Equation (7.7)	p. 180
The proof of Equation (7.9)	p. 181
The proof of Equation (7.11)	p. 181
The proof of Equation (7.13)	p. 181
The proofs of Equations (7.18) and (7.20)	p. 181
Problems	p. 186
Other issues	p. 187
Lineage markers	p. 187
Haplotypic genetic markers for mixture	p. 189
Bayesian network	p. 191
Peak information	p. 194
Mass disaster	p. 196
Database search	p. 197
Solutions to problems	p. 201
The standard normal distribution	p. 225
Upper 1% and 5% points of x[superscript 2] distributions	p. 227
Bibliography	p. 229
Index	p. 237
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.