Statistical Methods for Psychology

by Howell, David C.

• ISBN13: 9780534389703
• ISBN10: 0534389708
• Edition: 5th
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: WADSWORTH PUB CO INC

Table of Contents

Basic Concepts	1	(15)
Important Terms	2	(3)
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	5	(1)
Measurement Scales	6	(3)
Using Computers	9	(1)
The Plan of the Book	10	(5)
Describing and Exploring Data	15	(58)
Plotting Data	17	(2)
Histograms	19	(2)
Stem-and-Leaf Displays	21	(3)
Alternative Methods of Plotting Data	24	(4)
Describing Distributions	28	(3)
Using Computer Programs to Display Data	31	(2)
Notation	33	(2)
Measures of Central Tendency	35	(6)
Measures of Variability	41	(16)
Boxplots: Graphical Representations of Dispersions and Extreme Scores	57	(3)
Obtaining Measures of Dispersion Using Minitab	60	(2)
Percentiles, Quartiles, and Deciles	62	(1)
The Effect of Linear Transformations on Data	62	(11)
The Normal Distribution	73	(18)
The Normal Distribution	76	(3)
The Standard Normal Distribution	79	(3)
Using the Tables of the Standard Normal Distribution	82	(3)
Setting Probable Limits on an Observation	85	(1)
Measures Related to z	86	(5)
Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis Testing	91	(24)
Two Simple Examples Involving Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists	92	(3)
Sampling Distributions	95	(1)
Hypothesis Testing	96	(2)
The Null Hypothesis	98	(2)
Test Statistics and Their Sampling Distributions	100	(1)
Using the Normal Distribution to Test Hypotheses	101	(3)
Type I and Type II Errors	104	(3)
One- and Two-Tailed Tests	107	(3)
What Does It Mean to Reject the Null Hypothesis?	110	(1)
Effect Size	110	(1)
A Final Worked Example	111	(1)
Back to Course Evaluations and Rude Motorists	112	(3)
Basic Concepts of Probability	115	(26)
Probability	116	(2)
Basic Terminology and Rules	118	(4)
Discrete versus Continuous Variables	122	(1)
Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables	123	(1)
Probability Distributions for Continuous Variables	124	(2)
Permutations and Combinations	126	(3)
The Binomial Distribution	129	(5)
Using the Binomial Distribution to Test Hypotheses	134	(2)
The Multinomial Distribution	136	(5)
Categorical Data and Chi-Square	141	(36)
The Chi-Square Distribution	143	(1)
Statistical Importance of the Chi-Square Distribution	144	(2)
The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test---One-Way Classification	146	(3)
Two Classification Variables: Contingency Table Analysis	149	(3)
Chi-Square for Larger Contingency Tables	152	(7)
Chi-Square for Ordinal Data	159	(1)
Summary of the Assumptions of Chi-Square	159	(2)
One-and Two-Tailed Tests	161	(1)
Likelihood Ratio Tests	162	(1)
Measures of Assocation	163	(14)
Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means	177	(46)
Sampling Distribution of the Mean	178	(3)
Testing Hypotheses about Means---σ Known	181	(2)
Testing a Sample Mean When σ Is Unknown---The One-Sample t Test	183	(8)
Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means---Two Matched Samples	191	(7)
Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means---Two Independent Samples	198	(8)
Confidence Intervals	206	(5)
A Second Worked Example	211	(2)
Heterogeneity of Variance: The Behrens--Fisher Problem	213	(10)
Power	223	(20)
Factors Affecting the Power of a Test	225	(2)
Effect Size	227	(2)
Power Calculations for the One-Sample t	229	(3)
Power Calculations for Differences Between Two Independent Means	232	(3)
Power Calculations for Matched-Sample t	235	(2)
Power Considerations in Terms of Sample Size	237	(1)
Post-Hoe Power	238	(5)
Correlation and Regression	243	(52)
Scatterplot	245	(5)
The Relationship Between Stress and Health	250	(2)
The Covariance	252	(1)
The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)	253	(2)
The Regression Line	255	(5)
The Accuracy of Prediction	260	(7)
Assumptions Underlying Regression and Correlation	267	(1)
Confidence Limits on Y	268	(2)
A Computer Example Showing the Role of Test-Taking Skills	270	(3)
Hypothesis Testing	273	(9)
The Role of Assumptions in Correlation and Regression	282	(1)
Factors That Affect the Correlation	282	(3)
Power Calculation for Pearson's r	285	(10)
Alternative Correlational Techniques	295	(24)
Point-Biserial Correlation and Phi: Non-Pearson Correlations by Another Name	297	(8)
Biserial and Tetrachoric Correlation: Non-Pearson Correlation Coefficients	305	(1)
Correlation Coefficients for Ranked Data	306	(3)
Analysis of Contingency Tables with Ordered Variables	309	(3)
Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance (W)	312	(7)
Simple Analysis of Variance	319	(50)
An Example	320	(1)
The Underlying Model	321	(3)
The Logic of the Analysis of Variance	324	(2)
Calculations in the Analysis of Variance	326	(7)
Computer Solutions	333	(3)
Derivation of the Analysis of Variance	336	(2)
Unequal Sample Sizes	338	(2)
Violations of Assumptions	340	(2)
Transformations	342	(8)
Fixed versus Random Models	350	(1)
Magnitude of Experimental Effect	350	(4)
Power	354	(6)
Computer Analyses	360	(9)
Multiple Comparisons Among Treatment Means	369	(52)
Error Rates	370	(3)
Multiple Comparisons in a Simple Experiment on Morphine Tolerance	373	(2)
A Priori Comparisons	375	(16)
Post Hoc Comparisons	391	(7)
Tukey's Test	398	(1)
The Ryan Procedure (REGWQ)	399	(1)
The Scheffe Test	400	(1)
Dunnett's Test for Comparing All Treatments with a Control	401	(1)
Comparison of Dunnett's Test and the Bonferroni t	402	(1)
Comparison of the Alternative Procedures	402	(2)
Which Test?	404	(1)
Computer Solution	404	(4)
Trend Analysis	408	(13)
Factorial Analysis of Variance	421	(50)
An Extension of the Eysenck Study	424	(5)
Structural Models and Expected Mean Squares	429	(1)
Interactions	430	(2)
Simple Effects	432	(4)
Analysis of Variance Applied to the Effects of Smoking	436	(2)
Multiple Comparisons	438	(2)
Power Analysis for Factorial Experiments	440	(2)
Expected Mean Squares	442	(4)
Magnitude of Experimental Effects	446	(3)
Unequal Sample Sizes	449	(6)
Analysis for Unequal Sample Sizes Using SAS	455	(1)
Higher-Order Factorial Designs	456	(8)
A Computer Example	464	(7)
Repeated-Measures Designs	471	(62)
The Structural Model	474	(1)
F Ratios	475	(1)
The Covariance Matrix	476	(1)
Analysis of Variance Applied to Relaxation Therapy	477	(3)
One Between-Subjects Variable and One Within-Subjects Variable	480	(14)
Two Within-Subjects Variables	494	(1)
Two Between-Subjects Variables and One Within-Subjects Variable	494	(6)
Two Within-Subjects Variables and One Between-Subjects Variable	500	(8)
Three Within-Subjects Variables	508	(4)
Intraclass Correlation	512	(3)
Other Considerations	515	(1)
A Computer Analysis Using a Traditional Approach	516	(3)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance for Repeated-Measures Designs	519	(14)
Multiple Regression	533	(70)
Multiple Linear Regression	534	(9)
Standard Errors and Tests of Regression Coefficients	543	(1)
Residual Variance	544	(1)
Distribution Assumptions	545	(1)
The Multiple Correlation Coefficient	546	(2)
Geometric Representation of Multiple Regression	548	(4)
Partial and Semipartial Correlation	552	(5)
Suppressor Variables	557	(1)
Regression Diagnostics	558	(5)
Constructing a Regression Equation	563	(8)
The ``Importance'' of Individual Variables	571	(2)
Using Approximate Regression Coefficients	573	(1)
Mediating and Moderating Relationships	574	(9)
Logistic Regression	583	(20)
Analysis of Variance and Covariance as General Linear Models	603	(52)
The General Linear Model	604	(3)
One-Way Analysis of Variance	607	(3)
Factorial Designs	610	(8)
Analysis of Variance with Unequal Sample Sizes	618	(7)
The One-Way Analysis of Covariance	625	(11)
Interpreting an Analysis of Covariance	636	(2)
The Factorial Analysis of Covariance	638	(9)
Using Multiple Covariates	647	(1)
Alternative Experimental Designs	648	(7)
Log-Linear Analysis	655	(36)
Two-Way Contingency Tables	658	(4)
Model Specification	662	(3)
Testing Models	665	(4)
Odds and Odds Ratios	669	(1)
Treatment Effects (Lambda)	669	(2)
Three-Way Tables	671	(7)
Deriving Models	678	(4)
Treatment Effects	682	(9)
Resampling and Nonparametric Approaches to Data	691	(36)
Bootstrapping as a General Approach	694	(2)
Bootstrapping with One Sample	696	(3)
Resampling with Two Paired Samples	699	(3)
Resampling with Two Independent Samples	702	(2)
Bootstrapping Confidence Limits on a Correlation Coefficient	704	(3)
Wilcoxon's Rank-Sum Test	707	(6)
Wilcoxon's Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test	713	(4)
The Sign Test	717	(2)
Kruskal--Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance	719	(1)
Friedman's Rank Test for k Correlated Samples	720	(7)
Appendices	727	(36)
References	763	(10)
Answers to Selected Exercises	773	(18)
Index	791