Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

by Gravetter, Frederick; Wallnau, Larry B.

• ISBN13: 9780314068064
• ISBN10: 0314068066
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1995-11-28
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS	1	(35)
1.1 Statistics, Science, and Observations	3	(1)
1.2 Populations and Samples	4	(6)
1.3 The Scientific Method and the Design of Experiments	10	(8)
1.4 Scales of Measurement	18	(3)
1.5 Discrete and Continuous Variables	21	(2)
1.6 Statistical Notation	23	(6)
Summary	29	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	30	(1)
Demonstrations 1.1 and 1.2	31	(2)
Problems	33	(3)
CHAPTER 2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS	36	(34)
2.1 Overview	38	(1)
2.2 Frequency Distribution Tables	38	(6)
2.3 Frequency Distribution Graphs	44	(5)
2.4 The Shape of a Frequency Distribution	49	(2)
2.5 Percentiles, Percentile Ranks, and Interpolation	51	(7)
2.6 Stem and Leaf Displays	58	(3)
Summary	61	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	62	(1)
Demonstrations 2.1 and 2.2	63	(3)
Problems	66	(4)
CHAPTER 3 CENTRAL TENDENCY	70	(35)
3.1 Overview	71	(2)
3.2 The Mean	73	(9)
3.3 The Median	82	(5)
3.4 The Mode	87	(1)
3.5 Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency	88	(8)
3.6 Central Tendency and the Shape of the Distribution	96	(3)
Summary	99	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	100	(1)
Demonstrations 3.1 and 3.2	100	(2)
Problems	102	(3)
CHAPTER 4 VARIABILITY	105	(31)
4.1 Overview	106	(1)
4.2 The Range	107	(1)
4.3 The Interquartile Range and Semi-Interquartile Range	108	(2)
4.4 Standard Deviation and Variance for a Population	110	(8)
4.5 Standard Deviation and Variance for Samples	118	(6)
4.6 Properties of the Standard Deviation	124	(4)
4.7 Comparing Measures of Variability	128	(1)
Summary	129	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	130	(1)
Demonstration 4.1	131	(1)
Problems	132	(4)
TIME OUT # 1	136	(2)
CHAPTER 5 z-SCORES: LOCATION OF SCORES AND STANDARDIZED DISTRIBUTIONS	138	(24)
5.1 Overview	139	(2)
5.2 z-Scores and Location in a Distribution	141	(5)
5.3 Using z-Scores to Standardize a Distribution	146	(8)
5.4 Other Standardized Distributions Based on z-Scores	154	(3)
Summary	157	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	157	(1)
Demonstrations 5.1 and 5.2	158	(2)
Problems	160	(2)
CHAPTER 6 PROBABILITY	162	(38)
6.1 Overview	163	(1)
6.2 Introduction to Probability	164	(6)
6.3 Probability and the Normal Distribution	170	(12)
6.4 Percentiles and Percentile Ranks	182	(5)
6.5 Probability and the Binomial Distribution	187	(6)
Summary	193	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	194	(1)
Demonstrations 6.1 and 6.2	195	(2)
Problems	197	(3)
CHAPTER 7 PROBABILITY AND SAMPLES: THE DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS	200	(24)
7.1 Overview	201	(1)
7.2 The Distribution of Sample Means	202	(6)
7.3 Probability and the Distribution of Sample Means	208	(3)
7.4 More About Standard Error	211	(7)
Summary	218	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	219	(1)
Demonstration 7.1	220	(1)
Problems	221	(3)
TIME OUT #2	224	(1)
CHAPTER 8 INTRODUCTION TO HYPOTHESIS TESTING	225	(40)
8.1 Overview	226	(1)
8.2 The Logic of Hypothesis Testing	227	(7)
8.3 Evaluating Hypothesis	234	(12)
8.4 Directional (One-Tailed) Hypothesis Tests	246	(4)
8.5 Statistical Power	250	(5)
8.6 The General Elements of Hypothesis Testing: A Review	255	(3)
Summary	258	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	259	(1)
Demonstration 8.1	260	(2)
Problems	262	(3)
CHAPTER 9 INTRODUCTION TO THE t-STATISTIC	265	(22)
9.1 Overview	266	(1)
9.2 The t Statistic--A Substitute for z	267	(5)
9.3 Hypothesis Tests with the t Statistic	272	(8)
Summary	280	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	281	(1)
Demonstration 9.1	281	(2)
Problems	283	(4)
CHAPTER 10 HYPOTHESIS TESTS WITH TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES	287	(25)
10.1 Overview	288	(1)
10.2 The t Statistic for an Independent-Measures Research Design	289	(6)
10.3 Hypothesis Tests with the Independent-Measures t Statistic	295	(8)
10.4 Assumptions Underlaying the Independent-Measures t Formula	303	(2)
Summary	305	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	305	(1)
Demonstration 10.1	306	(2)
Problems	308	(4)
CHAPTER 11 HYPOTHESIS TESTS WITH RELATED SAMPLES	312	(25)
11.1 Overview	314	(1)
11.2 The t Statistic for Related Samples	315	(3)
11.3 Hypothesis Tests for the Repeated-Measures Design	318	(5)
11.4 Hypothesis Testing with a Matched-Subjects Design	323	(1)
11.5 Uses and Assumptions for Related-Samples t Tests	324	(6)
Summary	330	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	331	(1)
Demonstration 11.1	331	(2)
Problems	333	(4)
TIME OUT #3	337	(2)
CHAPTER 12 ESTIMATION	339	(32)
12.1 Overview	340	(6)
12.2 Estimation with z-scores	346	(5)
12.3 Estimation with the Single-Sample t Statistic	351	(4)
12.4 Estimation with the Independent-Measures t Statistic	355	(4)
12.5 Estimation with the Repeated-Measures t Statistic	359	(3)
12.6 Factors Affecting the Width of a Confidence Interval	362	(1)
Summary	362	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	363	(1)
Demonstrations 12.1 and 12.2	363	(5)
Problems	368	(3)
CHAPTER 13 INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE	371	(47)
13.1 Introduction	373	(4)
13.2 The Logic of Analysis of Variance	377	(4)
13.3 ANOVA Vocabulary, Notation, and Formulas	381	(8)
13.4 The Distribution of F-Ratios	389	(2)
13.5 Examples of Hypothesis Testing with ANOVA	391	(10)
13.6 Post Hoc Tests	401	(4)
13.7 The Relationship Between ANOVA and t Tests	405	(3)
Summary	408	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	409	(1)
Demonstration 13.1	410	(3)
Problems	413	(5)
CHAPTER 14 REPEATED-MEASURES ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)	418	(31)
14.1 Overview	419	(1)
14.2 The Logic of Repeated-Measures ANOVA	420	(3)
14.3 Notation and Formulas for Repeated-Measures ANOVA	423	(8)
14.4 Testing Hypotheses with the Repeated-Measures ANOVA	431	(5)
14.5 Advantages of the Repeated-Measures Design	436	(1)
14.6 Assumptions of the Repeated-Measures ANOVA	437	(2)
Summary	439	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	440	(1)
Demonstration 14.1	441	(3)
Problems	444	(5)
CHAPTER 15 TWO-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (INDEPENDENT MEASURES)	449	(49)
15.1 Overview	450	(2)
15.2 Main Effects and Interactions	452	(8)
15.3 Notation and Formulas	460	(12)
15.4 Examples of the Two-Factor ANOVA	472	(12)
15.5 Assumptions for the Two-Factor ANOVA	484	(1)
Summary	485	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	485	(1)
Demonstration 15.1	486	(6)
Problems	492	(6)
TIME OUT #4	498	(1)
CHAPTER 16 CORRELATION AND REGRESSION	499	(47)
16.1 Overview	500	(5)
16.2 The Pearson Correlation	505	(5)
16.3 Understanding and Interpreting the Pearson Correlation	510	(4)
16.4 Hypothesis Tests with the Pearson Correlation	514	(5)
16.5 Other Measures of Relationship	519	(5)
16.6 Introduction to Regression	524	(13)
Summary	537	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	538	(1)
Demonstration 16.1	539	(2)
Problems	541	(5)
CHAPTER 17 THE CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC: TESTS FOR GOODNESS OF FIT AND INDEPENDENCE	546	(38)
17.1 Overview: Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Tests	547	(1)
17.2 The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit	548	(11)
17.3 The Chi-Square Test for Independence	559	(11)
17.4 Assumptions and Restrictions for Chi-Square Tests	570	(1)
17.5 Special Applications of the Chi-Square Tests	570	(6)
Summary	576	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	577	(1)
Demonstration 17.1	577	(3)
Problems	580	(4)
CHAPTER 18 THE BINOMIAL TEST	584	(15)
18.1 Overview	585	(1)
18.2 Logic and Formulas for the Binomial Test	586	(1)
18.3 The Binomial Test	587	(3)
18.4 The Relation between Chi-Square and the Binomial Test	590	(1)
18.5 The Sign Test	591	(3)
Summary	594	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	595	(1)
Demonstration 18.1	595	(1)
Problems	596	(3)
CHAPTER 19 STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR ORDINAL DATA: MANN-WHITNEY AND WILCOXON TESTS AND SPEARMAN CORRELATION	599
19.1 Data From An Ordinal Scale	601	(2)
19.2 The Mann-Whitney U-Test	603	(8)
19.3 The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test	611	(5)
19.4 The Spearman Correlation	616	(5)
Summary	621	(1)
Focus on Problem Solving	622	(1)
Demonstrations 19.1, 19.2, and 19.3	623	(4)
Problems	627
APPENDIX A BASIC MATHEMATICS REVIEW	A-1	(23)
APPENDIX B STATISTICAL TABLES	A-24	(14)
APPENDIX C SOLUTIONS FOR ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS IN THE TEXT	A-38	(19)
STATISTICS ORGANIZER	A-57	(13)
REFERENCES	A-70	(2)
INDEX	A-72