Steam Turbines Design, Application, and Re-Rating

by Bloch, Heinz; Singh, Murari

• ISBN13: 9780071508216
• ISBN10: 007150821X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-09-29
• Publisher: McGraw Hill

Summary

The latest design and manufacturing details in mechanical drive steam turbinesSteam Turbinesshows how to select, improve, operate, and maintain high-quality mechanical drive steam turbines-with maximum efficiency and minimum downtime. This new Second Edition offers authoritative information on the operating characteristics, design features, reliability, and maintenance of all steam turbines. A complete sourcebook,Steam Turbinesdelivers the expertise required to capitalize on the latest steam turbine and intermediate transmission unit innovations--and improve a plant's efficiency, availability, and profitability.Steam Turbines, Second Editioncovers: Variable speed drives and intermediate gearing used for major process machinery and cogeneration drives-- with completely updated content Arrangement, material composition, and basic physical laws governing design of steam turbines How to select optimum configurations, controls, and components Options and ways to upgrade existing steam turbines

Author Biography

Heinz P. Bloch is a consulting engineer. Before retiring from Exxon in 1986 after over two decades of service, Mr. Bloch's professional career included long-term assignments as Exxon Chemical's Regional Machinery Specialist for the United States. He has also held machinery-oriented staff and line positions with Exxon affiliates in the United States, Italy, Spain, England, The Netherlands and Japan. He has conducted over 500 public and in-plant courses in the United States and at international locations.

..

Dr. Murari P. Singh is Consulting Engineer / Probabilistic Lifing Leader of GE Oil And Gas for all products in Chief Engineers' Office. Murari has been involved in the design, development and analysis of industrial turbomachinery for more than thirty years with Turbodyne Corporation, Dresser Industries, Dresser-Rand Company and, most recently, with Safe Technical Solutions Inc., where he served as Director of Engineering Technology. Dr. Singh has extensive knowledge and experience with fatigue and fracture mechanics, stress and vibration of structures, reliability, life analysis, and probabilistic analysis. His practical application experience includes a variety of rotating equipment including warm gas and FCC expanders, steam turbines, and centrifugal compressors. He developed the widely used SAFE diagram for reliability evaluation of turbine blades. Dr. Singh has authored more than 35 technical papers on topics relating to turbomachinery.

...

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Why Mechanical Drive Steam Turbines Are Applied	p. 1
Overview of Steam Turbine Fundamentals	p. 2
Steam turbine staging can vary	p. 5
Modern impulse design	p. 5
Single-valve vs. multivalve construction	p. 5
Steam balance considerations	p. 9
Overview of Steam Turbine Types and Controls	p. 9
Straight noncondensing	p. 14
Automatic extraction noncondensing	p. 15
Automatic extraction condensing	p. 15
Basic steam control considerations	p. 18
Automatic extraction condensing controls	p. 21
Geared and direct-drive types	p. 21
Modular design concepts	p. 23
Turbine Casing and Major Stationary Components	p. 29
Casing Design	p. 29
Steam Admission Sections	p. 33
Steam Turbine Diaphragms and Labyrinth Packing	p. 36
Bearings for Mechanical Drive Turbines	p. 51
Journal Bearings for Industrial Turbomachinery	p. 51
Fixed-geometry journal bearing stability	p. 52
Tilting-pad journal bearings	p. 56
Advanced tilting-pad journal bearings	p. 61
Lubrication-starved tilting-pad bearings	p. 65
Key Design Parameters	p. 68
Thrust Bearings for Turbomachinery	p. 69
Active Magnetic Bearings	p. 75
Rotors for Impulse Turbines	p. 81
Long-Term Operating Experience	p. 81
Pitch Diameter and Speed	p. 82
Steam Temperature	p. 83
Built-Up Construction	p. 84
Solid Construction	p. 89
Shaft Ends	p. 90
Turbine Rotor Balance Methods	p. 91
At-speed rotor balancing	p. 92
Balance Tolerance	p. 94
Rotors for Reaction Turbines	p. 95
Solid Rotors	p. 95
Materials for Solid Rotors	p. 99
Welded Rotor Design	p. 100
Welded Rotor Materials	p. 105
Turbine Blade Design Overview	p. 109
Blade Materials	p. 111
Blade Root Attachments	p. 111
Types of Airfoils and Blading Capabilities	p. 113
Guide Blades for Reaction Turbines	p. 114
Low-Pressure Final Stage Blading	p. 120
Turbine Auxiliaries	p. 125
Lube Systems	p. 125
Barring or Turning Gears	p. 128
Trip-Throttle or Main Stop Valves	p. 129
Overspeed Trip Devices	p. 132
Gland Seal Systems	p. 135
Lube Oil Purifiers	p. 135
Governors and Control Systems	p. 137
General	p. 137
Governor System Terminology	p. 140
Speed regulation	p. 140
Speed variation	p. 141
Dead band	p. 141
Stability	p. 141
Speed rise	p. 141
NEMA Classifications	p. 143
Valves	p. 144
Single-valve turbines	p. 144
Multivalve turbines	p. 145
PG Governors	p. 145
Electronic Governors	p. 148
Governor Systems	p. 150
General	p. 150
Extraction control	p. 150
Couplings and Coupling Considerations	p. 157
Power Transmission	p. 157
Shaft Alignment	p. 160
Maintenance	p. 162
Influence on the Critical Speeds	p. 162
Differential Expansions	p. 162
Axial Thrusts	p. 163
Limits of Application	p. 163
Rotor Dynamics Technology	p. 165
Rotor Model	p. 165
Dynamic Stiffness	p. 166
Effects of Damping on Critical Speed Prediction	p. 169
Bearing-Related Developments	p. 170
Refinements	p. 172
Bearing Support Considerations	p. 173
Foundations	p. 174
Impedance	p. 174
Partial Arc Forces	p. 178
Design Procedure	p. 179
Rotor Response	p. 180
Instability Mechanisms	p. 180
Subsynchronous Vibration	p. 180
Service Examples	p. 183
Labyrinth and Cover Seal Forces	p. 185
Rotor Stability Criteria	p. 187
Experimental Verification	p. 187
Campbell, Goodman, and SAFE Diagrams for Steam Turbine Blades	p. 189
Goodman Diagram	p. 189
Goodman-Soderberg Diagram	p. 190
Campbell Diagram	p. 191
Exciting frequencies	p. 195
SAFE Diagram-Evaluation Tool for Packeted Bladed Disk Assembly	p. 197
Definition of resonance	p. 198
Mode shape	p. 198
Fluctuating forces	p. 200
SAFE Diagram for Bladed Disk Assembly	p. 203
Mode Shapes of a Packeted Bladed Disk	p. 209
Interference Diagram Beyond N/2 Limit	p. 211
Explaining Published Data by the Use of Dresser-Rand's SAFE Diagram	p. 214
Summary	p. 217
Reaction vs. Impulse Type Steam Turbines	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
Impulse and Reaction Turbines Compared	p. 220
Efficiency	p. 220
Design	p. 223
Rotor	p. 223
Blading	p. 224
Erosion	p. 230
Axial Thrust	p. 232
Maintenance	p. 233
Design Features of Modern Reaction Turbines	p. 233
Deposit Formation and Turbine Water Washing	p. 235
Transmission Elements for High-Speed Turbomachinery	p. 243
Spur Gear Units	p. 243
Epicyclic Gears	p. 245
Clutches	p. 246
Hydroviscous Drives	p. 253
Hydrodynamic Converters and Geared Variable-Speed Turbo Couplings	p. 257
Function of the multistage variable-speed drive	p. 261
Design and operating details	p. 261
Working oil and lube oil circuits	p. 264
Lubricating system	p. 264
Lubricant oil containment on gear and vriable-speed units	p. 265
Shortcut Graphical Methods of Turbine Selection	p. 267
Mollier Chart Instructions	p. 267
Estimating Steam Rates	p. 271
Quick Reference Information to Estimate Steam Rates of Multivalve, Multistage Steam Turbines	p. 303
Elliott Shortcut Selection Method for Multivalve, Multistage Steam Turbines	p. 309
Approximate Steam Rates	p. 309
Stage Performance Determination	p. 313
Extraction Turbine Performance	p. 320
Rerates, Upgrades, and Modifications	p. 329
Performance and Efficiency Upgrade	p. 331
Brush seals and labyrinth seals	p. 332
Wavy face dry seals	p. 336
Buckets	p. 348
Reliability Upgrade	p. 352
Electronic controls	p. 352
Monitoring systems	p. 356
Life Extension	p. 356
Modification and Reapplication	p. 358
Casing	p. 359
Flange sizing	p. 360
Nozzle ring capacity	p. 362
Steam path analysis	p. 362
Rotor blade loading	p. 363
Thrust bearing loading	p. 363
Governor valve capacity	p. 364
Rotor	p. 364
Shaft end reliability assessment	p. 364
Speed range changes	p. 366
Auxiliary equipment review	p. 366
Oil mist lubrication for general-purpose steam turbines	p. 367
Problem solving	p. 376
Summary	p. 376
Glossary	p. 377
Units of Measurement	p. 385
Bibliography and List of Contributors	p. 399
Index	p. 407
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.