Steel and Composite Structures: Behaviour and Design for Fire Safety

by Wang; Y. C.

• ISBN13: 9780415244367
• ISBN10: 0415244366
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-07-05
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Steel and Composite Structures: Behaviour and Design for Fire Safetypresents a systematic and thorough description of the behaviour of steel and composite structures in fire, and shows how design methods are developed to quantify our understanding. Quantitative descriptions of fire behaviour, heat transfer in construction elements and structural analysis using numerical methods are all addressed, and existing codes and standards for steel and composite fire safety design are critically examined. Using a comprehensive and systematic description of structural fire safety engineering principles, the author explores and illustrates the important difference between the behaviour of isolated structural elements and whole structures under fire conditions. This book is a vital source of information to structural and fire engineers. It will also be of considerable interest to students and researchers in the field.

Author Biography

Y. C. Wang is Senior Lecturer in fire engineering at the University of Manchester.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Notations	xvii
Introduction	1	(8)
Background	1	(2)
Layout	3	(3)
Scope	6	(3)
An introduction to the behaviour and design at ambient temperature	9	(19)
Local buckling of steel plates	10	(1)
Steel beams	11	(6)
Plastic bending moment capacity	11	(1)
Lateral torsional buckling	12	(102)
Design calculations according to the British Standard BS 5950 Part 1	114
Steel columns	17	(3)
Combined axial load and bending	20	(1)
Composite beams	21	(3)
Partial shear connection	22	(2)
Composite columns	24	(1)
Plastic design of continuous beams	25	(1)
Semi-rigid design approach	26	(2)
Experimental observations	28	(57)
General test procedure	29	(1)
Standard fire resistance tests	29	(4)
Test methodology	30	(1)
A critical assessment of the standard fire resistance test method	31	(2)
Fire tests on steel columns	33	(6)
Cross-section yield	33	(1)
Global buckling behaviour	33	(3)
Local buckling	36	(3)
Summary of fire tests on isolated steel columns	39	(1)
Fire tests on restrained columns	39	(3)
Effects of restrained thermal expansion	40	(2)
Effects of rotational restraints	42	(1)
Summary of fire tests on restrained columns	42	(1)
Fire tests on composite columns	42	(6)
Local buckling of steel	42	(1)
Global buckling behaviour	43	(3)
Restrained composite columns	46	(1)
Summary of fire tests on composite columns	47	(1)
Fire tests on steel and composite beams	48	(4)
Behaviour of bare steel beams in fire	48	(2)
Composite beams	50	(1)
Restrained beams	51	(1)
Summary of fire tests on beams	52	(1)
Fire tests on slabs	52	(1)
Fire tests on connections	53	(3)
SCI tests	53	(1)
Collaborative investigations between the University of Sheffield and Building Research Establishment	54	(2)
Behaviour of frame connections in fire	56	(1)
Summary of fire tests on connections	56	(1)
Fire tests on skeletal frames	56	(10)
Tests of Rubert and Schaumann on 1/4 scale steel frames, Germany	57	(1)
Tests of Fire Research Station and Corus on a rugby post frame (Cooke and Latham 1987), UK	58	(1)
Small scale tests on rigid steel frames at Tongji University, China	59	(1)
Model steel frame tests, Japan	59	(1)
Tests of Kimura et al. on composite column assembly Japan	60	(2)
Parametrical fire testing of full scale structural assemblies, University of Manchester, UK	62	(3)
Summary of fire tests on skeletal frames	65	(1)
Fire tests on complete buildings	66	(16)
Behaviour of the Broadgate building in a fire accident	66	(1)
Fire tests on an eight-storey steel-framed building in Cardington, UK	67	(15)
Concluding remarks and some suggestions for further experimental studies	82	(3)
Numerical modelling	85	(21)
Requirements of a computer program	86	(1)
Modelling structural behaviour in fire on an element level	87	(1)
Beams and columns	87	(1)
Connections	87	(1)
Slab modelling	88	(1)
Modelling structural behaviour in fire on a global level	88	(1)
Other general modelling requirements	89	(1)
A brief review of some existing computer programs	89	(14)
ADAPTIC	90	(3)
FEAST	93	(4)
SAFIR	97	(1)
VULCAN	98	(4)
Commercial programs (ABAQUS and DIANA)	102	(1)
Simplified frame analysis methods	103	(1)
Summary and some recommendations	104	(2)
Behaviour of steel and composite structures in fire	106	(64)
Material properties at elevated temperatures	106	(9)
Steel	107	(6)
Concrete	113	(2)
Behaviour of unrestrained columns in fire	115	(8)
Local buckling	115	(2)
Global behaviour	117	(5)
Composite columns	122	(1)
Behaviour of restrained columns in fire	123	(15)
Effects of axial restraint on column thermal expansion	124	(2)
Post-buckling behaviour of an axially restrained column	126	(5)
Bending moments in restrained columns in fire	131	(2)
Effective length of restrained columns in fire	133	(5)
Summary of column behaviour in fire	138	(1)
Behaviour of beams in fire	138	(16)
Statically determinate beams	138	(8)
Longitudinally and rotationally restrained beams in fire	146	(3)
Catenary action in a restrained beam in fire	149	(5)
Behaviour of slabs in fire	154	(11)
Flexural bending behaviour of slabs at small deflections - yield line analysis	154	(1)
Membrane action in slabs at large deflections	155	(1)
Compressive membrane action	156	(1)
Tensile membrane action	157	(8)
Other aspects of frame behaviour in fire	165	(3)
Remote areas of building	165	(1)
Fire spread	165	(2)
Effect of bracing locations	167	(1)
Alternative load path	168	(1)
Concluding remarks	168	(2)
An introduction to heat transfer	170	(31)
Heat conduction	171	(4)
One-dimensional steady-state heat conduction	171	(1)
One-dimensional steady-state heat conduction in a composite element	172	(1)
Boundary conditions for one-dimensional heat conduction	173	(2)
Convective heat transfer	175	(4)
Heat transfer coefficients for forced convection	175	(2)
Heat transfer coefficients for natural convection	177	(1)
Approximate values of convective heat transfer coefficients for fire safety	178	(1)
Radiant heat transfer	179	(9)
Blackbody radiation	179	(6)
Radiant heat transfer of greybody surfaces	185	(3)
Some simplified solutions of heat transfer	188	(5)
Temperatures of unprotected steelwork in fire	189	(1)
Temperatures of protected steelwork in fire	190	(3)
Thermal properties of materials	193	(5)
Steel	194	(1)
Concrete	195	(2)
Insulation materials	197	(1)
Numerical analysis of heat transfer	198	(3)
Three-dimensional steady-state heat conduction	198	(1)
Three-dimensional transient-state heat conduction	199	(1)
Boundary conditions for heat transfer	199	(2)
An introduction to enclosure fire behaviour	201	(27)
A general description of enclosure fire behaviour and its modelling	201	(5)
Behaviour of localized fires	206	(3)
Thomas model of smoke temperature	206	(1)
Hasemi's model	207	(2)
Post-flashover fire modelling	209	(18)
Rate of heat release in fire (Qfi)	210	(4)
Heat loss due to hot gas leaving fire enclosure (Qlc)	214	(2)
Heat loss to the enclosure wall (Qlw)	216	(1)
Heat loss to the cold air by radiation through opening (Qlr)	217	(1)
Heat required to increase the fire temperature (Qlg)	218	(1)
Some approximate temperature-time relationships for post-flashover fires	218	(4)
Fire load and compartment lining properties	222	(1)
Standard fires	222	(1)
Equivalent fire times	223	(4)
Concluding remarks	227	(1)
Design of steel structures for fire safety	228	(44)
Basis of design	228	(3)
Scope of design calculations	228	(2)
Loading	230	(1)
Performance of fire protection materials	230	(1)
Fire resistant design according to BS 5950 Part 8	230	(1)
Fire resistant design according to Eurocode 3 Part 1.2	230	(1)
Overview of design methods	231	(2)
BS 5950 Part 8	231	(1)
Eurocode 3 Part 1.2	232	(1)
Fire resistant design of steel beams	233	(16)
BS 5950 Part 8	233	(6)
Eurocode 3 Part 1.2 method	239	(3)
A comparison between Part 8 and EC3 for lateral torsional buckling	242	(3)
Modifications to the EC3 method	245	(1)
Temperatures in steel beams	246	(2)
Summary of fire resistant design calculations for lateral torsional buckling resistance	248	(1)
Fire resistant design of steel columns	249	(10)
Axially loaded columns with uniform temperature distribution	249	(7)
Effects of structural continuity	256	(3)
Columns with bending moments	259	(1)
Fire resistant design of connections	259	(1)
Fire resistant design of cold-formed thin-walled structures	260	(4)
The Steel Construction Institute design guide	261	(2)
Temperatures in thin-walled steel structures	263	(1)
Stainless steel structures	264	(1)
Other types of steel structures	265	(2)
Portal frames	266	(1)
Water cooled structures	266	(1)
External steelwork	267	(1)
Cost effective design of steel structures for fire protection	267	(3)
Feasibility of using catenary action to eliminate fire protection in beams	270	(1)
Concluding remarks	271	(1)
Design of composite structures for fire safety	272	(24)
Composite slabs	272	(5)
Load bearing capacity of one-way spanning composite slabs	273	(1)
Sagging bending moment capacity M+,fi	274	(1)
Hogging bending moment capacity M-,fi	274	(2)
Load bearing capacity of two-way spanning slabs	276	(1)
Composite beams	277	(4)
BS 5950 Part 8	277	(1)
Eurocode 4 Part 1.2	277	(4)
Composite columns	281	(14)
Resistance to axial load according to EC4	281	(1)
Simplified calculation methods for concrete filled columns	282	(12)
Effect of eccentricity	294	(1)
High strength concrete filled columns	294	(1)
Concluding remarks	295	(1)
Steel and composite structures without fire protection	296	(12)
Reducing the fire resistance requirement	296	(3)
Increasing the fire resistance of unprotected steel structures	299	(8)
Enhancing the fire resistance of individual members	299	(5)
Utilizing whole building performance in fire	304	(3)
Concluding remarks	307	(1)
Reference	308	(18)
Author index	326	(3)
Subject index	329