Structural Health Monitoring

by Balageas, Daniel; Fritzen, Claus-Peter; Gü; emes, Alfredo

• ISBN13: 9781905209019
• ISBN10: 1905209010
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-06
• Publisher: Wiley-ISTE

Summary

While exploring the variety of sensing techniques used to achieve structural health monitoring, this book focuses on the sensors, signal- and data-reduction methods, and inverse techniques. Because the techniques are not based upon application type or linked to special classes of problems, the book explores the broader familiesvibration and modal analysis, optical fibre sensing, acousto-ultrasonics using piezoelectric transducers, and electric and electromagnetic techniques.

Author Biography

Daniel Balageas is the deputy head of the Structures and Damage Mechanics Department (DMSE) at the Office National d'+tudes et de Recherches ATrospatiales and a part-time associate professor at the +cole Normale SupTrieure–Cachan. Claus-Peter Fritzen is a professor of mechanics at the Institute of Mechanics and Control-Mechatronics at the University of Siegen. Alfredo Gnemes is a professor of material science, director of the Aerospace Materials and Processes Department at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, and the cochairman of the Stanford International Workshops on Structural Health Monitoring.

Table of Contents

Foreword	11	(2)
Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring	13	(32)
Daniel BALAGEAS
1.1. Definition of Structural Health Monitoring	13	(2)
1.2. Motivation for Structural Health Monitoring	15	(3)
1.3. Structural Health Monitoring as a way of making materials and structures smart	18	(3)
1.4. SHM and biomimetics	21	(3)
1.5. Process and pre-usage monitoring as a part of SHM	24	(2)
1.6. SHM as a part of system management	26	(1)
1.7. Passive and active SHM	27	(1)
1.8. NDE, SHM and NDECS	28	(4)
1.9. Variety and multidisciplinarity: the most remarkable characters of SHM	32	(4)
1.10. Birth of the Structural Health Monitoring Community	36	(2)
1.11. Conclusion	38	(1)
1.12. References	39	(6)
Chapter 2. Vibration-Based Techniques for Structural Health Monitoring	45	(180)
Claus-Peter FRITZEN
2.1. Introduction	45	(4)
2.2. Basic vibration concepts for SHM	49	(13)
2.2.1. Local and global methods	52	(2)
2.2.2. Damage diagnosis as an inverse problem	54	(3)
2.2.3. Model-based damage assessment	57	(5)
2.3. Mathematical description of structural systems with damage	62	(15)
2.3.1. General dynamic behavior	62	(3)
2.3.2. State-space description of mechanical systems	65	(8)
2.3.3. Modeling of damaged structural elements	73	(4)
2.4. Linking experimental and analytical data	77	(11)
2.4.1. Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) for mode pairing	77	(1)
2.4.2. Modal Scaling Factor (MSF)	78	(1)
2.4.3. Co-ordinate Modal Assurance Criterion (COMAC)	79	(1)
2.4.4. Damping	79	(1)
2.4.5. Expansion and reduction	80	(4)
2.4.6. Updating of the initial model	84	(4)
2.5. Damage localization and quantification	88	(30)
2.5.1. Change of the flexibility matrix	88	(2)
2.5.2. Change of the stiffness matrix	90	(1)
2.5.3. Strain-energy-based indicator methods and curvature modes	91	(4)
2.5.4. MECE error localization technique	95	(1)
2.5.5. Static displacement method	96	(1)
2.5.6. Inverse eigensensitivity method	97	(3)
2.5.7. Modal force residual method	100	(4)
2.5.8. Kinetic and strain energy-based sensitivity methods	104	(4)
2.5.9. Forced vibrations and frequency response functions	108	(10)
2.6. Solution of the equation system	118	(9)
2.6.1. Regularization	119	(1)
2.6.2. Parameter subset selection	120	(5)
2.6.3. Other solution methods	125	(1)
2.6.4. Variances of the parameters	126	(1)
2.7. Neural network approach to SHM	127	(5)
2.7.1. The basic idea of neural networks	128	(1)
2.7.2. Neural networks in damage detection, localization and quantification	129	(2)
2.7.3. Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP)	131	(1)
2.8. A simulation example	132	(21)
2.8.1. Description of the structure	132	(5)
2.8.2. Application of damage indicator methods	137	(5)
2.8.3. Application of the modal force residual method and inverse eigensensitivity method	142	(7)
2.8.4. Application of the kinetic and modal strain energy methods	149	(3)
2.8.5. Application of the Multi-Layer Perceptron neural network	152	(1)
2.9. Time-domain damage detection methods for linear systems	153	(15)
2.9.1. Parity equation method	154	(9)
2.9.2. Kalman filters	163	(5)
2.9.3. AR and ARX models	168	(1)
2.10. Damage identification in non-linear systems	168	(9)
2.10.1. Extended Kalman filter	168	(3)
2.10.2. Localization of damage using filter banks	171	(1)
2.10.3. A simulation study on a beam with opening and closing crack	172	(5)
2.11. Applications	177	(28)
2.11.1. I-40 bridge	177	(8)
2.11.2. Steelquake structure	185	(7)
2.11.3. Application of the Z24 bridge	192	(6)
2.11.4. Detection of delamination in a CFRP plate with stiffeners	198	(7)
2.12. Conclusion	205	(2)
2.13. Acknowledgements	207	(1)
2.14. References	208	(17)
Chapter 3. Fiber-Optic Sensors	225	(62)
Alfredo GÜEMES and Jose Manuel MENENDEZ
3.1. Introduction	225	(4)
3.2. Classification of fiber-optic sensors	229	(8)
3.2.1. Intensity-based sensors	229	(3)
3.2.2. Phase-modulated optical fiber sensors, or interferometers	232	(3)
3.2.3. Wavelength based sensors, or Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG)	235	(2)
3.3. The fiber Bragg grating as a strain and temperature sensor	237	(25)
3.3.1. Response of the FBG to uniaxial uniform strain fields	237	(2)
3.3.2. Sensitivity of the FBG to temperature	239	(1)
3.3.3. Response of the FBG to a non-uniform uniaxial strain field	240	(8)
3.3.4. Response of the FBG to transverse stresses	248	(3)
3.3.5. Photoelasticity in a plane stress state	251	(11)
3.4. Structures with embedded fiber Bragg gratings	262	(3)
3.4.1. Orientation of the optical fiber optic with respect to the reinforcement fibers	263	(2)
3.4.2. Ingress/egress from the laminate	265	(1)
3.5. Fiber Bragg gratings as damage sensors for composites	265	(9)
3.5.1. Measurement of strain and stress variations	266	(4)
3.5.2. Measurement of spectral perturbations associated with internal stress release resulting from damage spread	270	(4)
3.6. Examples of applications in aeronautics and civil engineering	274	(9)
3.6.1. Stiffened panels with embedded fiber Bragg gratings	275	(6)
3.6.2. Concrete beam repair	281	(2)
3.7. Conclusions	283	(1)
3.8. References	284	(3)
Chapter 4. Structural Health Monitoring with Piezoelectric Sensors	287	(92)
Philippe GUY and Thomas MONNIER
4.1. Background and context	287	(3)
4.2. The use of embedded sensors as acoustic emission (AE) detectors	290	(18)
4.2.1. Experimental results and conventional analysis of acoustic emission signals	293	(3)
4.2.2. Algorithms for damage localization	296	(4)
4.2.3. Algorithms for damage characterization	300	(4)
4.2.4. Available industrial AE systems	304	(1)
4.2.5. New concepts in acoustic emission	305	(3)
4.2.6. Conclusion	308	(1)
4.3. State-the-art and main trends in piezoelectric transducer-based acousto-ultrasonic SHM research	308	(44)
4.3.1. Lamb wave structure interrogation	309	(4)
4.3.2. Sensor technology	313	(12)
4.3.3. Tested structures (mainly metallic or composite parts)	325	(1)
4.3.4. Acousto-ultrasonic signal and data reduction methods	325	(9)
4.3.5. The full implementation of SHM of localized damage with guided waves in composite materials	334	(13)
4.3.6. Available industrial acousto-ultrasonic systems with piezoelectric sensors	347	(5)
4.4. Electromechanical impedance	352	(13)
4.4.1. E/M impedance for defect detection in metallic and composite parts	352	(1)
4.4.2. The piezoelectric implant method applied to the evaluation and monitoring of viscoelastic properties	353	(11)
4.4.3. Conclusion	364	(1)
4.5. Summary and guidelines for future work	365	(1)
4.6. References	365	(14)
Chapter 5. SHM Using Electrical Resistance	379	(32)
Michelle SALVIA and Jean-Christophe ABRY
5.1. Introduction	379	(1)
5.2. Composite damage	380	(1)
5.3. Electrical resistance of unloaded composite	381	(7)
5.3.1. Percolation concept	381	(1)
5.3.2. Anisotropic conduction properties in continuous fiber reinforced polymer	382	(4)
5.3.3. Influence of temperature	386	(2)
5.4. Composite strain and damage monitoring by electrical resistance	388	(13)
5.4.1. 0° unidrectional laminates	388	(8)
5.4.2. Multidirectional laminates	396	(5)
5.4.3. Randomly distributed fiber reinforced polymers	401	(1)
5.5. Damage localization	401	(4)
5.6. Conclusion	405	(1)
5.7. References	405	(6)
Chapter 6. Low Frequency Electromagnetic Techniques	411	(52)
Michel LEMISTRE
6.1. Introduction	411	(1)
6.2. Theoretical considerations on electromagnetic theory	412	(14)
6.2.1. Maxwell's equations	412	(1)
6.2.2. Dipole radiation	413	(3)
6.2.3. Surface impedance	416	(5)
6.2.4. Diffraction by a circular aperture	421	(2)
6.2.5. Eddy currents	423	(1)
6.2.6. Polarization of dielectrics	423	(3)
6.3. Applications to the NDE/NDT domain	426	(10)
6.3.1. Dielectric materials	426	(2)
6.3.2. Conductive materials	428	(4)
6.3.3. Hybrid method	432	(4)
6.4. Signal processing	436	(11)
6.4.1. Time-frequency transforms	436	(1)
6.4.2. The continuous wavelet transform	437	(2)
6.4.3. The discrete wavelet transform	439	(2)
6.4.4. Multiresolution	441	(2)
6.4.5. Denoising	443	(4)
6.5. Application to the SHM domain	447	(13)
6.5.1. General principles	447	(1)
6.5.2. Magnetic method	448	(2)
6.5.3. Electric method	450	(1)
6.5.4. Hybrid method	450	(10)
6.6. References	460	(3)
Chapter 7. Capacitive Methods for Structural Health Monitoring in Civil Engineering	463	(28)
Xavier DÉROBERT and Jean IAQUINTA
7.1. Introduction	463	(1)
7.2. The principle	464	(2)
7.3. Capacitance probe for cover concrete	466	(5)
7.3.1. Layout	466	(1)
7.3.2. Sensitivity	467	(2)
7.3.3. Example of measurements on the Empalot Bridge (Toulouse, France)	469	(2)
7.4. Application for external post-tensioned cables	471	(8)
7.4.1. Influence of the location of the cable	473	(1)
7.4.2. Effect of air and water layers	474	(2)
7.4.3. Small inclusions	476	(1)
7.4.4. Example of an actual measurement	477	(2)
7.5. Future work	479	(1)
7.6. Monitoring historical buildings	480	(8)
7.6.1. Capacitance probe for moisture monitoring	481	(1)
7.6.2. Environmental conditions	482	(1)
7.6.3. Study on a stone wall test site	483	(2)
7.6.4. Water content monitoring of part of the masonry of Notre-Dame La Grande church (Poitiers, France)	485	(3)
7.7. Conclusion	488	(1)
7.8. Acknowledgements	488	(1)
7.9. References	489	(2)
Short Biographies of the Contributors	491	(2)
Index	493