The Structure of Rare-Earth Metal Surfaces

by Barrett, Sean D.; Dhesi, S. S.

• ISBN13: 9781860941658
• ISBN10: 1860941656
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-09-01
• Publisher: WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUB CO INC

Summary

The Structure of Rare-Earth Metal Surfaces introduces the concepts of surface crystallography & surface-structure determination, outlines the principles of the most widely used experimental techniques & theoretical simulations, & reviews their application to the surfaces of rare-earth metals. In particular, the results of quantitative low-energy electron-diffraction experiments & multiple-scattering calculations are covered in some depth. The book is aimed at science graduates with an interest in surface crystallography. Readership: Researchers in surface & intersurface science, crystallography, condensed matter physics & computational physics.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
List of Acronyms	xiii
Introduction to the Rare Earths	1	(20)
What's in a Name?	2	(1)
Discovery of the Rare Earths	2	(4)
The Periodic Table	4	(2)
Defining the Rare Earths	6	(1)
Applications of the Rare Earths	7	(2)
Oxides	7	(1)
Metals	8	(1)
Elements	9	(1)
The Rare-Earth Metals	9	(8)
Electronic Configuration	10	(1)
Crystal Structure	11	(3)
Electronic Structure	14	(2)
Magnetic Structure	16	(1)
Rare-Earth Metal Surfaces	17	(4)
Early Surface Studies	17	(1)
Surface Magnetism	18	(3)
Basics of Surface Structure	21	(28)
Real and Ideal Surfaces	21	(2)
Surface Crystallography	23	(17)
Two-Dimensional Lattices	23	(2)
Definitions of Surface Structure	25	(1)
HCP Surfaces	26	(1)
Structure Parallel to the Surface	26	(2)
Structure Perpendicular to the Surface	28	(4)
Notation for Overlayer Structures	32	(2)
Overlayers on Refractory Metal Substrates	34	(2)
Overlayers on BCC (110) Substrates	36	(2)
Overlayers on Other Metal Substrates	38	(1)
Overlayers on Semiconductor Substrates	39	(1)
Overlayers on Other Substrates	39	(1)
Surface Diffraction	40	(9)
The Reciprocal Lattice	40	(3)
Ewald Construction	43	(4)
Indexing the Lattice Points	47	(1)
Reconstructions and Overlayers	47	(2)
Surface Structure Techniques	49	(22)
Electron and X-Ray Diffraction	49	(14)
Low-Energy Electron Diffraction	50	(1)
LEED Optics	50	(2)
Measuring Intensities	52	(3)
Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction	55	(3)
Surface X-Ray Diffraction	58	(3)
Crystal Truncation Rods	61	(2)
Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy	63	(4)
Photoelectron Diffraction	67	(4)
Crystal Growth and Surface Preparation	71	(28)
Introduction	71	(2)
Bulk Samples or Thin Films?	72	(1)
Purification and Growth of Bulk Single Crystals	73	(6)
Purification	73	(3)
Bulk Crystal Growth	76	(3)
Preparation of Bulk Single-Crystal Surfaces	79	(7)
Growth of Epitaxial Thin Films	86	(13)
Growth Modes	86	(5)
Measuring Film Thickness	91	(2)
Growth of Open Surfaces	93	(6)
Rare-Earth Surface Science	99	(56)
Introduction	99	(3)
Geometric Structure	102	(39)
Qualitative Low-Energy Electron Diffraction	102	(1)
Surfaces of Bulk Crystals	102	(6)
Surfaces of Thick Films	108	(2)
Structure of Thin Films	110	(7)
Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction	117	(3)
Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy	120	(9)
Other Structural Techniques	129	(1)
Photoelectron Diffraction	129	(3)
Electron Microscopy	132	(2)
Medium-Energy Ion Scattering	134	(1)
Growth Modes	134	(7)
Electronic Structure	141	(8)
Photoelectron Spectroscopy	141	(1)
Core-Level Shifts	142	(5)
Valence-Band Structure	147	(2)
Surface Magnetism	149	(6)
Surface-Enhanced Magnetic Order	151	(1)
Surface-To-Bulk Coupling	151	(4)
Quantitative Low-Energy Electron Diffraction	155	(22)
Quantitative LEED Experiments	156	(3)
Electron Scattering	157	(1)
Structure and LEED I-V	158	(1)
Dynamical Calculations	159	(11)
Atomic Scattering	159	(6)
Intralayer Scattering	165	(4)
Interlayer Scattering	169	(1)
Reliability Factors	170	(4)
Zanazzi-Jona R-factor	171	(1)
Pendry R-factor	171	(1)
Van Hove and Tong R-factor	172	(1)
Accuracy of a Structure Determination	173	(1)
Tensor LEED	174	(3)
TLEED Theory	175	(1)
Structure Determination	176	(1)
Quantitative LEED Results	177	(22)
(0001) Surfaces	178	(11)
Sc(0001)	178	(5)
Tb(0001)	183	(1)
Gd(0001)	184	(4)
Fingerprinting	188	(1)
(1120) Surfaces	189	(2)
Calculated Surface Structures	191	(3)
Outlook	194	(5)
Summary --- Past, Present and Future	199	(4)
Appendix Tables of Rare-Earth Metal Surface Science Studies	203	(10)
Acknowledgements	213	(4)
References	217	(24)
Index	241