Struggle for Freedom, The: A History of African Americans, Concise Edition, Volume 2 (Penguin Academic Series)

by Carson, Clayborne; Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J.; Nash, Gary B.

• ISBN13: 9780321355744
• ISBN10: 0321355741
• Edition: Concise
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The Struggle for Freedom,a narrative of the black experience in America, uses a distinctive biographical approach to guide the story and animate the history. In each chapter, individual African Americans are the pivot points on which historical changes of the era turn. Life stories capture the rush of events that envelop individuals and illuminate the momentous decisions that, collectively, frame the American past and present. Inasmuch as that history is grounded in struggle-in the consistent and insistent call to the United States to deliver on the constitutional promises made to all its citizens-this book is also an American history text, weaving into the narrative the milestones of mainstream American history, economy, politics, arts and letters.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiv
CHAPTER 11 POST-CIVIL WAR RECONSTRUCTION: A NEW NATIONAL ERA	253	(28)
Emanuel Fortune Testifies Before Congress	253	(3)
Postwar Reconstruction	256	(7)
Radical Reconstruction	256	(2)
Presidential Reconstruction	258	(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment	259	(1)
Black Suffrage and Woman Suffrage	259	(4)
Elected Black Leaders	263	(9)
Local Politics in the South	267	(2)
White Backlash	269	(1)
The Enforcement Acts	270	(1)
The Freedmen's Bank	271	(1)
Washington, DC, in the New National Era	272	(3)
The Black Elite	272	(1)
The Black Working Class and Poor	273	(1)
Political Patronage and Politics	274	(1)
The End of Reconstruction	275	(1)
Waning Federal Sympathy	275	(1)
The Compromise of 1877	276	(1)
African Americans on the Move	276
The Exodusters	277	(1)
The Western Frontier	278	(1)
To Africa	279
Conclusion	180	(101)
CHAPTER 12 THE POST-RECONSTRUCTION ERA	281	(30)
Booker T. Washington Teaches Black Self-Sufficiency	281	(3)
Rebuilding the South	284	(6)
Farm Labor and Poverty'	284	(3)
Jim Crow	287	(1)
The Rise of Booker T Washington	288	(2)
The New South	290	(1)
Social Darwinism	290	(1)
Education: Making a Living and a Life	291	(4)
Black Schools: Practical Training and Liberal Arts	292	(2)
Segregated or Integrated Schools?	294	(1)
Education and Gender identity	295	(1)
The Lure of Cities	295	(5)
Urban Community Life	295	(3)
Federal Appointments	298	(1)
Black Towns	298	(2)
The Economics and Politics of Unity	300	(3)
Unions	300	(2)
Interracial Alliances and Populism	302	(1)
Finding a Place to Uplift the Race	303	(4)
Migration Within the South	304	(1)
Western Soldiers, Pioneers, and New Opportunities	304	(2)
Rethinking Africa	306	(1)
Terror and Accommodation	307	(2)
Campaign Against Lynching	308	(1)
The Atlanta Compromise	308	(1)
Conclusion	309	(2)
CHAPTER 13 "COLORED" BECOMES "NEGRO" IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA	311	(28)
Mary Church Terrell and the NACW	311	(3)
Racial Segregation	314	(4)
"Separate But Equal"	314	(2)
Progressivism and White Supremacy	316	(1)
"Colored" Becomes "Negro"	317	(1)
The Problem of the "Color Line"	318	(4)
Pan-Africanism	318	(2)
Black Americans and the Spanish-American War	320	(1)
The Brownsville Incident	321	(1)
Accommodation or Agitation?	322	(3)
Opposition to Washington	322	(2)
The Niagara Movement and the NAACP	324	(1)
Black Culture	325	(4)
Music, Poetry, Composition	326	(2)
Sports	328	(1)
Black Progress	329	(6)
Harlem and the Urban League	330	(1)
Churches and Clubs	331	(1)
New Charismatic Leaders	332	(3)
The "New Abolition"	335	(2)
The NAACP Legal Assault	336	(1)
The End of Booker T. Washington and Accommodation	336	(1)
The Amenia Conference	337	(1)
Conclusion	337	(2)
CHAPTER 14 THE MAKING OF A "NEW NEGRO": WORLD WAR I TO THE GREAT DEPRESSION	339	(28)
Thomas Edward Jones to the European Front	339	(3)
"Over There"...and Back Here	342	(6)
Black Americans and World War	342	(2)
The Great Migration	344	(2)
Race Riots and Revival of the Klan	346	(1)
Black Americans and the Red Scare	347	(1)
The Challenge of Garveyism	348	(6)
The Universal Negro Improvement Association	349	(1)
"Negro Nation"	350	(1)
Pan-Africanism	351	(1)
Garvey's Decline	352	(1)
The NAACP and the Urban League in the 1920's	352	(2)
New Beginnings in the City	354	(3)
A Rising Standard of Living	355	(1)
Segregated Neighborhoods	356	(1)
The Harlem Renaissance and the "New Negro"	357	(6)
The Negro Genius	358	(1)
Langston Hughes	358	(2)
Zora Neale Hurston	360	(1)
The New Negro Woman	361	(1)
The Harlem Renaissance and White America	361	(2)
The Jazz Age	363	(1)
The Chicago Style of Jazz	363	(1)
Black Women Sing the Blues	364	(1)
Political Goals and Setbacks in the 1920's	364	(2)
Conclusion	366	(1)
CHAPTER 15 THE NEW POLITICS OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION	367	(28)
The Scottsboro Boys	367	(4)
African Americans in Desperate Times	371	(5)
Du Bois Ponders Political Alternatives	371	(1)
Black Reds	372	(1)
The Scottsboro Campaign	373	(2)
Clamping Down on Black Radicalism	375	(1)
Election of 1932	375	(1)
Black Militancy	376	(5)
A New Course for the NAACP	376	(3)
Black Nationalists	379	(1)
Social Gospel Ministers	379	(1)
Activist Black Intellectuals	380	(1)
A New Deal for African Americans?	381	(6)
Mary McLeod Bethune	382	(2)
Black Critics of the New Deal	384	(2)
Gains and Setbacks	386	(1)
Black Artists and the Cultural Mainstream	387	(7)
Margaret Walker and the Works Progress Administration	387	(1)
Paul Robeson and the Black Role in Hollywood	388	(1)
The Swing Era	389	(2)
Native Son and the Decline of Leftist Radicalism	391	(3)
Conclusion	394	(1)
CHAPTER 16 FIGHTING FASCISM ABROAD AND RACISM AT HOME	395	(28)
A. Philip Randolph Challenges President Franklin D. Roosevelt	395	(3)
African Americans in the Armed Forces	398	(6)
William H. Hastie and Jim Crow in the Military	399	(2)
The Double-V Campaign	401	(3)
Racial Issues on the Home Front	404	(5)
Pauli Murray and "Jane" Crow	405	(1)
Wartime Race Riots	406	(1)
The NAACP's New Legal Thrust	407	(2)
Postwar Dilemmas	409	(2)
Racial Understanding and Racist Violence	409	(1)
Colonialism and the United Nations	410	(1)
Cold War Split in African American Politics	411	(5)
Loyalty Issues and Internationalist Appeals	412	(2)
The 1948 Election and the Decline of the Black Left	414	(1)
Era of NAACP Dominance	415	(1)
Racial Dimensions of Postwar Popular Culture	416	(5)
Decline of Swing and the Rise of Rhythm and Blues	417	(1)
Black Americans in Hollywood	418	(1)
Jackie Robinson and the Major Leagues	418	(3)
Conclusion	421	(2)
CHAPTER 17 EMERGENCE OF A MASS MOVEMENT AGAINST JIM CROW	423	(27)
Barbara Johns Leads a Student Strike	423	(3)
The Road to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	426	(8)
The Attack on "Separate But Equal.'	426	(2)
The NAACP's School Desegregation Suits	428	(2)
The Brown Decision	430	(2)
Building on the Brown Breakthrough	432	(2)
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference	434	(6)
A Community Revolts	435	(1)
Martin Luther King Jr. and Boycott Leadership	436	(2)
The Founding of SCLC and King's Widening Influence	438	(2)
The Little Rock Nine	440	(4)
Constitutional Rights Versus Mob Violence	441	(2)
Stirrings of Grassroots Revolt	443	(1)
The Student Sit-In Movement	444	(4)
Spread of the Sit-Ins	445	(1)
A New Black Consciousness	446	(2)
Conclusion	448	(2)
CHAPTER 18 MARCHING TOWARD FREEDOM, 1961-1966	450	(29)
Freedom Riders Challenge Segregation	450	(3)
Grassroots Struggles in the Deep South	453	(4)
Voter Registration in Mississippi	455	(1)
The Albany Movement	456	(1)
The Nationalization of Civil Rights	457	(8)
King and the Children's Crusade	458	(2)
James Baldwin and the New Black Militancy	460	(2)
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom	462	(3)
Freedom Summer and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party	465	(3)
The Freedom Democratic Party and the 1964 Summer Project	465	(1)
The 1964 Democratic Convention	466	(2)
Malcolm X and the Freedom Struggle	468	(3)
Break with the Nation of Islam	468	(1)
The Final Months	469	(2)
Voting Rights and Violence	471	(3)
The Selma-to-Montgomery March	471	(2)
The Voting Rights Act of 1965	473	(1)
Black Power	474	(3)
Conclusion	477	(2)
CHAPTER 19 RESISTANCE, REPRESSION, AND RETRENCHMENT, 1967-1978	479	(27)
Hubert "Rap" Brown Proclaims Black Power	479	(2)
A New Racial Consciousness	481	(3)
King and the Wars Against Communism and Poverty	484	(5)
Racial Violence and White Repression	486	(2)
The Poor People's Campaign and Memphis	488	(1)
Black Soldiers in Vietnam	489	(2)
The Rise and Fall of the Black Power Militancy	491	(6)
The Emergence of Eldridge Cleaver	492	(1)
High Tide of Black Rebellion	493	(2)
Targeting the Black "Messiah"	495	(1)
Attica and the Eclipse of the Black Panthers	496	(1)
Diverging Directions of Black Politics	497	(8)
The National Black Political Convention	498	(3)
The Supreme Court's Bakke Decision	501	(1)
The Carter Presidency and the Transformation of Black Leadership	501	(2)
The Roots Phenomenon	503	(2)
Conclusion	505	(1)
CHAPTER 20 THE SEARCH FOR NEW DIRECTIONS DURING A CONSERVATIVE ERA, 1979-1991	506	(23)
Michele Wallace on the Discontents of Black Women	506	(3)
Finding a Place in the Political System	509	(4)
A New Conservative Era	510	(1)
Reaganism and the Debate over Affirmative Action	510	(3)
Jesse Jackson's 1984 Presidential Campaign	513	(4)
The Harold Washington Campaign	515	(1)
Run, Jesse, Run	515	(2)
The Free South Africa Campaign	517	(2)
The Popularization of Modern Black Feminism	519	(6)
The Color Purple Controversy	520	(2)
Race and Popular Culture	522	(2)
Hip Hop and Gangsta Rap	524	(1)
Racial Progress and Internal Tensions	525	(3)
Anita Hill Versus Clarence Thomas	526	(2)
Conclusion	528	(1)
CHAPTER 21 CONTINUING STRUGGLES OVER RIGHTS AND IDENTITY, 1992—PRESENT	529
Oprah Winfrey and Social Healing	529	(4)
A New Day for African Americans?	533	(4)
Racial Dilemmas of the Clinton Presidency	534	(1)
The Lani Guinier Affair	535	(1)
Ending Welfare and Continuing Poverty	536	(1)
Race and the Criminal Justice System	537	(7)
The O.J. Simpson Case	538	(2)
The Prison System of Racial Control	540	(2)
The Million Man March and Racial Atonement	542	(2)
Rethinking the Meaning of Race	544	(7)
A Difficult "Conversation on Race"	545	(1)
Affirmative Action and Reparations	546	(2)
Redefining Black	548	(1)
2000 Census Documents a Multiracial Nation	549	(2)
Democracy and the Legacy of Race	551	(3)
The Disputed 2000 Election	551	(1)
African Americans in an Interdependent World	552	(2)
Conclusion	554
APPENDIX	A-1
The Declaration of Independence	A-3
The Constitution of the United States of America	A-5
Amendments to the Constitution	A-13
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)	A-19
The Emancipation Proclamation	A-23
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	A-24
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)	A-25
Key Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964	A-26
Key Provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965	A-31
Photo Credits	C-1
Index	I-1