Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans, The, Penguin Academic Series, Concise Edition, Combined Volume

by Carson, Clayborne; Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J.; Nash, Gary B.

• ISBN13: 9780321355768
• ISBN10: 0321355768
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

The Struggle for Freedom,a narrative of the black experience in America, uses a distinctive biographical approach to guide the story and animate the history. In each chapter, individual African Americans are the pivot points on which historical changes of the era turn. Life stories capture the rush of events that envelop individuals and illuminate the momentous decisions that, collectively, frame the American past and present. Inasmuch as that history is grounded in struggle-in the consistent and insistent call to the United States to deliver on the constitutional promises made to all its citizens-this book is also an American history text, weaving into the narrative the milestones of mainstream American history, economy, politics, arts and letters.

Table of Contents

Preface	xviii
Ancient Africa	1	(24)
African Storytelling and African American History	1	(2)
From Human Beginnings to the Rise of Egypt	3	(4)
Human Beginnings in East Africa	3	(1)
Rise of Egyptian Civilization	4	(2)
Debates over Black Egypt	6	(1)
Egypt and Nubia	6	(1)
Egypt After the Greek Conquest	7	(1)
The Spread of Islam	7	(3)
The Origins of Islam	8	(1)
Islam's Great Reach	9	(1)
The Kingdoms of West and Central Africa	10	(7)
The Kingdom of Ghana	12	(1)
The Kingdom of Mali	12	(1)
The Kingdom of Songhai	13	(1)
The Forest Kingdoms of Ife and Benin	14	(1)
The Kingdoms of Kongo and Ndongo	15	(2)
African Culture	17	(7)
Family and Community	17	(1)
Religion	18	(1)
Social Organization	19	(3)
Music, Dance, and Art	22	(2)
Conclusion	24	(1)
Africa and the Atlantic World	25	(21)
King Nomimansa Meets Diego Gomes	25	(2)
Africa and Europe: The Fateful Connection	27	(3)
Portugal Colonizes the Atlantic Islands	27	(2)
The Plantation System: A Model for Misery on the Atlantic Islands	29	(1)
Africa and the Rising Atlantic World	30	(6)
Initiating the Atlantic Slave Trade	30	(2)
Sugar and Slavery	32	(3)
European Competition for the Slave Trade	35	(1)
The Trauma of Enslavement	36	(5)
Capture and Sale in Africa	37	(1)
The Middle Passage: A Floating Hell	38	(2)
Sale in the Americas	40	(1)
Early Africans in North America	41	(4)
Africans and the Spanish Conquest in the Americas	41	(2)
Africans in Early Spanish North America	43	(2)
Conclusion	45	(1)
Africans in Early North America, 1619--1726	46	(23)
Anthony Johnson and His Family in the Early Chesapeake	46	(3)
The First Africans in English North America	49	(5)
The Chesapeake Colonies	49	(2)
The Northern Colonies	51	(3)
The Fateful Transition	54	(3)
England Captures the Slave Trade	54	(1)
South Carolina as a Slave Society	54	(1)
Bacon's Rebellion and Slavery in the Chesapeake	55	(1)
Africans Resist	56	(1)
Defining Slavery, Defining Race	57	(4)
Laws Defining Social and Racial Relations	57	(2)
Restrictions on Free Black People	59	(1)
South Carolina's Slave Code	60	(1)
Slavery and Race North of the Chesapeake	61	(2)
Slave Codes in New England	62	(1)
Slavery and the Law in the Mid-Atlantic	62	(1)
Beyond English Boundaries	63	(4)
Africans in Spanish America	64	(2)
Slavery in French Colonies	66	(1)
Conclusion	67	(2)
Africans in Bondage: Early Eighteenth Century to the American Revolution	69	(28)
Venture Smith Defies the Colonial Slave System	69	(3)
Colonial Slavery at High Tide	72	(7)
A Rising Slave Population	72	(1)
Slave Life in the South	73	(3)
Sexual Oppression	76	(1)
Slave Life in the North	77	(2)
Negotiated Bondage	79	(5)
Resisting Slavery	80	(1)
Contesting Labor	80	(1)
Creating Family Ties	81	(1)
Running Away	82	(1)
Rebelling	83	(1)
Afro-Floridians and Afro-Louisianans	84	(2)
Fort Mose: The First Free Black Town	84	(1)
French Louisiana: A Black Majority	85	(1)
Becoming African American	86	(8)
African Christianity	88	(2)
African Muslims	90	(1)
African American Culture: Music, Dance, and Body Adornment	91	(2)
Merging Traditions	93	(1)
Black Americans on the Eve of the American Revolution	94	(2)
Curbing Manumission	94	(1)
Protesting Slavery	95	(1)
Conclusion	96	(1)
The Revolutionary Era: Crossroads of Freedom	97	(24)
Thomas Peter Seizes His Freedom	97	(2)
British ``Tyranny'' and a Cry for Freedom	99	(3)
Freedom Rhetoric Exposes Colonial Enslavement	100	(2)
Freedom Fever in the South	102	(1)
African Americans and the American Revolution	102	(6)
Choosing the British: Black Loyalists	103	(1)
Fighting for Independence: Black Patriots	104	(4)
Rhetoric and Reality in the New Nation	108	(4)
Continued Slavery in the South	108	(1)
Emancipation in the North	109	(2)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	111	(1)
The Constitutional Settlement	112	(5)
Roadblocks to Eradicating Slavery	112	(1)
Black Genius and Black Activism	113	(1)
A More Perfect Union?	114	(3)
The Resettlement of African American Loyalists	117	(2)
Black Nova Scotians	117	(1)
Return to Africa	117	(2)
Conclusion	119	(2)
After the Revolution: Constructing Free Life and Combating Slavery, 1787--1816	121	(26)
Richard Allen and Absalom Jones Lead Church Walkout	121	(3)
The Emergence of Free Black Communities	124	(5)
An Expanding Free Black Population	124	(1)
Free Black Work Lives	125	(2)
Family Life	127	(1)
New Orleans: A Unique City	128	(1)
Independent Institutions	129	(4)
The Rise of Black Churches	130	(2)
African American Schools	132	(1)
An Independent Black Denomination	132	(1)
Black Revolution in Haiti	133	(4)
Self-Liberation in the Caribbean	133	(2)
Reverberations in the United States	135	(2)
The Further Spread of Slavery	137	(1)
Slave Resistance	138	(3)
Fugitive Slave Settlements	138	(1)
Gabriel's Rebellion	139	(1)
Other Uprisings	140	(1)
Black Identity in the New Nation	141	(5)
Rising Racial Hostility	141	(2)
New Organizational and Family Names	143	(1)
The Back-to-Africa Movement	144	(1)
The War of 1812	145	(1)
Conclusion	146	(1)
African Americans in the Antebellum Era	147	(27)
James Forten on Repatriation to Africa	147	(3)
Black Religion in the Antebellum Era	150	(2)
The African Methodist Episcopal Church	150	(1)
Charismatic Preachers	151	(1)
The Expansion of Slavery	152	(4)
King Cotton	153	(1)
The Missouri Compromise	153	(3)
The Interstate Slave Trade	156	(1)
Slave Life and Labor	156	(8)
Sunup to Sundown: Working for the Master	157	(3)
Sundown to Sunup: Slaves on Their Own Time	160	(4)
Resistance and Rebellion	164	(6)
Denmark Vesey's Rebellion	165	(1)
David Walker's Appeal	166	(2)
Nat Turner's Insurrection	168	(2)
Free Black Organizing	170	(2)
Conclusion	172	(2)
African Americans in the Reform Era, 1831--1850	174	(26)
James Forten Advocates an Immediate End to Slavery	174	(3)
Black Americans in an Expanding Nation	177	(5)
Black Population Growth	177	(2)
Racial Separation	179	(1)
Between Slave and Free	180	(2)
Black Americans and Reform	182	(3)
Religion and Reform	182	(1)
Self-Improvement and Education	183	(1)
From ``African'' to ``Colored''	184	(1)
Names with Meaning	184	(1)
The Abolitionist Movement	185	(9)
Radical Abolitionism	185	(3)
Divisions Among Abolitionists	188	(2)
Violence Against Abolitionists	190	(1)
Northern Black Press, Southern White Press	191	(1)
The Gag Rule and Landmark Legal Cases	192	(2)
Limitations and Opportunities	194	(4)
Disfranchisement in the North	194	(1)
The Texas Frontier	195	(1)
The Mountain West	196	(2)
The Compromise of 1850	198	(1)
Conclusion	198	(2)
A Prelude to War: The 1850s	200	(25)
Tragedy and Triumph at Christiana	200	(2)
Controversy over the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850	202	(4)
Federal Power Versus States' Rights	203	(1)
The Underground Railroad	204	(2)
The Escape and Trial of Anthony Burns	206	(1)
The Power of Stories	206	(4)
Slave Narratives	207	(1)
Northern Black Voices	207	(2)
White Abolitionist Appeals	209	(1)
Southern Views of Slavery	210	(1)
The Changing South	210	(4)
Southern Society and Economy	211	(1)
``The World They Made Together''	212	(1)
Free Black People	213	(1)
Black Exiles Abroad and at Home	214	(3)
The Debate over Emigration	214	(1)
Safe Haven in Canada	215	(1)
The Lure of the Frontier	216	(1)
Regional Crisis	217	(6)
From Moral Suasion to Political Power	217	(1)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act	218	(1)
``Bleeding Kansas''	219	(1)
The Dred Scott Decision	219	(1)
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates	220	(1)
John Brown at Harpers Ferry	221	(2)
Conclusion	223	(2)
Civil War and the Promises of Freedom: The Turbulent 1860s	225	(28)
Martin Delany Becomes First Black U.S. Army Major	225	(2)
``A White Man's War''	227	(4)
The Election of Abraham Lincoln	228	(1)
Southern States Secede	229	(1)
Black Volunteers Rejected	230	(1)
War and Freedom	231	(3)
Slaves as Contraband	231	(1)
New Roles for Southern Slaves	232	(1)
The Port Royal Experiment	233	(1)
Emancipation as Military and Political Strategy	234	(5)
Emancipation Possibilities	234	(4)
The Emancipation Proclamation	238	(1)
``Men of Color, To Arms!''	239	(5)
Colored Troops	239	(3)
The Fight for Equal Pay	242	(1)
Black Women and War	243	(1)
1863: The Tide Turns	244	(2)
Victory at Gettysburg	244	(1)
Anti-Draft Riots	244	(1)
Grant and Sherman Lead Union Victories	245	(1)
``Forty Acres and a Mule''	245	(1)
An Incomplete Victory	246	(6)
The Assassination of President Lincoln	247	(1)
The Thirteenth Amendment	247	(1)
Reuniting Black Families	248	(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau	248	(1)
Black Codes and Sharecropping	249	(1)
Black Education	250	(1)
The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan	250	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	251	(1)
Conclusion	252	(1)
Post-Civil War Reconstruction: A New National Era	253	(28)
Emanuel Fortune Testifies Before Congress	253	(3)
Postwar Reconstruction	256	(7)
Radical Reconstruction	256	(2)
Presidential Reconstruction	258	(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment	259	(1)
Black Suffrage and Woman Suffrage	259	(4)
Elected Black Leaders	263	(9)
Local Politics in the South	267	(2)
White Backlash	269	(1)
The Enforcement Acts	270	(1)
The Freedmen's Bank	271	(1)
Washington, DC, in the New National Era	272	(3)
The Black Elite	272	(1)
The Black Working Class and Poor	273	(1)
Political Patronage and Politics	274	(1)
The End of Reconstruction	275	(1)
Waning Federal Sympathy	275	(1)
The Compromise of 1877	276	(1)
African Americans on the Move	276
The Exodusters	277	(1)
The Western Frontier	278	(1)
To Africa	279
Conclusion	180	(101)
The Post-Reconstruction Era	281	(30)
Booker T. Washington Teaches Black Self-Sufficiency	281	(3)
Rebuilding the South	284	(6)
Farm Labor and Poverty	284	(3)
Jim Crow	287	(1)
The Rise of Booker T. Washington	288	(2)
The New South	290	(1)
Social Darwinism	290	(1)
Education: Making a Living and a Life	291	(4)
Black Schools: Practical Training and Liberal Arts	292	(2)
Segregated or Integrated Schools?	294	(1)
Education and Gender Identity	295	(1)
The Lure of Cities	295	(5)
Urban Community Life	295	(3)
Federal Appointments	298	(1)
Black Towns	298	(2)
The Economics and Politics of Unity	300	(3)
Unions	300	(2)
Interracial Alliances and Populism	302	(1)
Finding a Place to Uplift the Race	303	(4)
Migration Within the South	304	(1)
Western Soldiers, Pioneers, and New Opportunities	304	(2)
Rethinking Africa	306	(1)
Terror and Accommodation	307	(2)
Campaign Against Lynching	308	(1)
The Atlanta Compromise	308	(1)
Conclusion	309	(2)
``Colored'' Becomes ``Negro'' in the Progressive Era	311	(28)
Mary Church Terrell and the NACW	311	(3)
Racial Segregation	314	(4)
``Separate But Equal''	314	(2)
Progressivism and White Supremacy	316	(1)
``Colored'' Becomes ``Negro''	317	(1)
The Problem of the ``Color Line''	318	(4)
Pan-Africanism	318	(2)
Black Americans and the Spanish-American War	320	(1)
The Brownsville Incident	321	(1)
Accommodation or Agitation?	322	(3)
Opposition to Washington	322	(2)
The Niagara Movement and the NAACP	324	(1)
Black Culture	325	(4)
Music, Poetry, Composition	326	(2)
Sports	328	(1)
Black Progress	329	(6)
Harlem and the Urban League	330	(1)
Churches and Clubs	331	(1)
New Charismatic Leaders	332	(3)
The ``New Abolition''	335	(2)
The NAACP Legal Assault	336	(1)
The End of Booker T. Washington and Accommodation	336	(1)
The Amenia Conference	337	(1)
Conclusion	337	(2)
The Making of a ``New Negro'': World War I to the Great Depression	339	(28)
Thomas Edward Jones to the European Front	339	(3)
``Over There'' . . . and Back Here	342	(6)
Black Americans and World War I	342	(2)
The Great Migration	344	(2)
Race Riots and Revival of the Klan	346	(1)
Black Americans and the Red Scare	347	(1)
The Challenge of Garveyism	348	(6)
The Universal Negro Improvement Association	349	(1)
``Negro Nation''	350	(1)
Pan-Africanism	351	(1)
Garvey's Decline	352	(1)
The NAACP and the Urban League in the 1920s	352	(2)
New Beginnings in the City	354	(3)
A Rising Standard of Living	355	(1)
Segregated Neighborhoods	356	(1)
The Harlem Renaissance and the ``New Negro''	357	(6)
The Negro Genius	358	(1)
Langston Hughes	358	(2)
Zora Neale Hurston	360	(1)
The New Negro Woman	361	(1)
The Harlem Renaissance and White America	361	(2)
The Jazz Age	363	(1)
The Chicago Style of Jazz	363	(1)
Black Women Sing the Blues	364	(1)
Political Goals and Setbacks in the 1920s	364	(2)
Conclusion	366	(1)
The New Politics of the Great Depression	367	(28)
The Scottsboro Boys	367	(4)
African Americans in Desperate Times	371	(5)
Du Bois Ponders Political Alternatives	371	(1)
Black Reds	372	(1)
The Scottsboro Campaign	373	(2)
Clamping Down on Black Radicalism	375	(1)
Election of 1932	375	(1)
Black Militancy	376	(5)
A New Course for the NAACP	376	(3)
Black Nationalists	379	(1)
Social Gospel Ministers	379	(1)
Activist Black Intellectuals	380	(1)
A New Deal for African Americans?	381	(6)
Mary McLeod Bethune	382	(2)
Black Critics of the New Deal	384	(2)
Gains and Setbacks	386	(1)
Black Artists and the Cultural Mainstream	387	(7)
Margaret Walker and the Works Progress Administration	387	(1)
Paul Robeson and the Black Role in Hollywood	388	(1)
The Swing Era	389	(2)
Native Son and the Decline of Leftist Radicalism	391	(3)
Conclusion	394	(1)
Fighting Fascism Abroad and Racism at Home	395	(28)
A. Philip Randolph Challenges President Franklin D. Roosevelt	395	(3)
African Americans in the Armed Forces	398	(6)
William H. Hastie and Jim Crow in the Military	399	(2)
The Double-V Campaign	401	(3)
Racial Issues on the Home Front	404	(5)
Pauli Murray and ``Jane'' Crow	405	(1)
Wartime Race Riots	406	(1)
The NAACP's New Legal Thrust	407	(2)
Postwar Dilemmas	409	(2)
Racial Understanding and Racist Violence	409	(1)
Colonialism and the United Nations	410	(1)
Cold War Split in African American Politics	411	(5)
Loyalty Issues and Internationalist Appeals	412	(2)
The 1948 Election and the Decline of the Black Left	414	(1)
Era of NAACP Dominance	415	(1)
Racial Dimensions of Postwar Popular Culture	416	(5)
Decline of Swing and the Rise of Rhythm and Blues	417	(1)
Black Americans in Hollywood	418	(1)
Jackie Robinson and the Major Leagues	418	(3)
Conclusion	421	(2)
Emergence of a Mass Movement Against Jim Crow	423	(27)
Barbara Johns Leads a Student Strike	423	(3)
The Road to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	426	(8)
The Attack on ``Separate But Equal''	426	(2)
The NAACP's School Desegregation Suits	428	(2)
The Brown Decision	430	(2)
Building on the Brown Breakthrough	432	(2)
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference	434	(6)
A Community Revolts	435	(1)
Martin Luther King Jr. and Boycott Leadership	436	(2)
The Founding of SCLC and King's Widening Influence	438	(2)
The Little Rock Nine	440	(4)
Constitutional Rights Versus Mob Violence	441	(2)
Stirrings of Grassroots Revolt	443	(1)
The Student Sit-In Movement	444	(4)
Spread of the Sit-Ins	445	(1)
A New Black Consciousness	446	(2)
Conclusion	448	(2)
Marching toward Freedom, 1961--1966	450	(29)
Freedom Riders Challenge Segregation	450	(3)
Grassroots Struggles in the Deep South	453	(4)
Voter Registration in Mississippi	455	(1)
The Albany Movement	456	(1)
The Nationalization of Civil Rights	457	(8)
King and the Children's Crusade	458	(2)
James Baldwin and the New Black Militancy	460	(2)
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom	462	(3)
Freedom Summer and the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party	465	(3)
The Freedom Democratic Party and the 1964 Summer Project	465	(1)
The 1964 Democratic Convention	466	(2)
Malcolm X and the Freedom Struggle	468	(3)
Break with the Nation of Islam	468	(1)
The Final Months	469	(2)
Voting Rights and Violence	471	(3)
The Selma-to-Montgomery March	471	(2)
The Voting Rights Act of 1965	473	(1)
Black Power	474	(3)
Conclusion	477	(2)
Resistance, Repression, and Retrenchment, 1967--1978	479	(27)
Hubert ``Rap'' Brown Proclaims Black Power	479	(2)
A New Racial Consciousness	481	(3)
King and the Wars Against Communism and Poverty	484	(5)
Racial Violence and White Repression	486	(2)
The Poor People's Campaign and Memphis	488	(1)
Black Soldiers in Vietnam	489	(2)
The Rise and Fall of the Black Power Militancy	491	(6)
The Emergence of Eldridge Cleaver	492	(1)
High Tide of Black Rebellion	493	(2)
Targeting the Black ``Messiah''	495	(1)
Attica and the Eclipse of the Black Panthers	496	(1)
Diverging Directions of Black Politics	497	(8)
The National Black Political Convention	498	(3)
The Supreme Court's Bakke Decision	501	(1)
The Carter Presidency and the Transformation of Black Leadership	501	(2)
The Roots Phenomenon	503	(2)
Conclusion	505	(1)
The Search for New Directions During a Conservative Era, 1979--1991	506	(23)
Michele Wallace on the Discontents of Black Women	506	(3)
Finding a Place in the Political System	509	(4)
A New Conservative Era	510	(1)
Reaganism and the Debate over Affirmative Action	510	(3)
Jesse Jackson's 1984 Presidential Campaign	513	(4)
The Harold Washington Campaign	515	(1)
Run, Jesse, Run	515	(2)
The Free South Africa Campaign	517	(2)
The Popularization of Modern Black Feminism	519	(6)
The Color Purple Controversy	520	(2)
Race and Popular Culture	522	(2)
Hip Hop and Gangsta Rap	524	(1)
Racial Progress and Internal Tensions	525	(3)
Anita Hill Versus Clarence Thomas	526	(2)
Conclusion	528	(1)
Continuing Struggles over Rights and Identity, 1992--Present	529
Oprah Winfrey and Social Healing	529	(4)
A New Day for African Americans?	533	(4)
Racial Dilemmas of the Clinton Presidency	534	(1)
The Lani Guinter Affair	535	(1)
Ending Welfare and Continuing Poverty	536	(1)
Race and the Criminal Justice System	537	(7)
The O.J. Simpson Case	538	(2)
The Prison System of Racial Control	540	(2)
The Million Man March and Racial Atonement	542	(2)
Rethinking the Meaning of Race	544	(7)
A Difficult ``Conversation on Race''	545	(1)
Affirmative Action and Reparations	546	(2)
Redefining Black	548	(1)
2000 Census Documents a Multiracial Nation	549	(2)
Democracy and the Legacy of Race	551	(3)
The Disputed 2000 Election	551	(1)
African Americans in an Interdependent World	552	(2)
Conclusion	554
Appendix	1	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	3	(2)
The Constitution of the United States of America	5	(8)
Amendments to the Constitution	13	(6)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)	19	(4)
The Emancipation Proclamation	23	(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	24	(1)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)	25	(1)
Key Provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964	26	(5)
Key Provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965	31
Photo Credits	1	(1)
Index	1