Synthesis of Inorganic Materials

by Schubert, Ulrich; Hü; sing, Nicola

• ISBN13: 9783527327140
• ISBN10: 3527327142
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2012-03-26
• Publisher: Vch Pub

Summary

This third edition of the popular textbook contains 30% new and/or revised content to reflect the latest developments in this fast developing field. Written from the chemist's point of view, the well-known and experienced authors provide a thorough and pedagogical introduction, now including example real-life applications of the syntheses, as well as new sections on nanomaterials, templating methods and biomineralization. A valuable resource for advanced undergraduates as well as masters and graduate students in inorganic chemistry and materials science.

Author Biography

Ulrich Schubert has been Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, since 1994. He received his PhD from the Technical University of Munich, under the supervision of E.O. Fischer. He then worked as a postdoctoral researcher with W.S. Johnson at Stanford University. From 1982 to 1994 he held a chair in inorganic chemistry at the University of Wrzburg, as well as various positions at the Fraunhofer Institute of Silicate Research in Wrzburg from 1989 to 1994. His research interests are centered around application-oriented fundamental research on solgel processes and inorganic-organic hybrid materials. Nicola Hsing was appointed Professor of Materials Chemistry at the Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Austria in 2010. She received her PhD in 1997. The following year she was awarded a post-doctoral fellowship with C. J. Brinker in Albuquerque, USA. Returning to Vienna, she gained her lecturing qualification in 2003, becoming a full professor of inorganic chemistry at the University of Ulm one year later. Professor Hsing's research interests focus on the liquid phase synthesis of porous materials, inorganic-organic hybrid materials and mesoscopically organized systems, especially with respect to synthesis - structure - property relations.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgement	p. xv
List of Abbreviations	p. xix
Introduction	p. 1
Solid-State Reactions	p. 5
Reactions Between Solid Compounds	p. 5
Ceramic Method	p. 5
An Example	p. 6
General Aspects of Solid-State Reactions	p. 8
Mechanochemical Synthesis	p. 16
Carbothermal Reduction	p. 17
Combustion Synthesis	p. 22
Classification of Combustion Synthesis Reactions	p. 26
Sintering	p. 28
Stages of Sintering	p. 30
Factors Affecting Sintering	p. 31
Ceramics Processing	p. 31
Solid-Gas Reactions	p. 36
Intercalation Reactions	p. 39
General Aspects	p. 39
Mechanistic Aspects of Intercalation Reactions	p. 43
Preparative Methods	p. 44
Types of Intercalation Reactions	p. 44
Intercalation of Polymers in Layered Systems	p. 48
Pillaring of Layered Compounds	p. 50
Formation of Solids from the Gas Phase	p. 55
Chemical Vapor Transport	p. 55
Halogen Lamps	p. 56
Transport Reactions	p. 59
Chemical Vapor Deposition	p. 62
General Aspects	p. 63
Equipment	p. 67
Growth Rates	p. 69
Selective Deposition	p. 71
CVD and CVD-Related Techniques	p. 72
Non-CVD Processes for the Gas-Phase Deposition of Thin Films	p. 74
Metal CVD	p. 77
Aluminum	p. 78
Tungsten	p. 81
Copper	p. 82
Diamond CVD	p. 84
CVD of Metal Oxides	p. 87
SiO2 and Silicate Glasses	p. 87
Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO)	p. 89
CVD of Metal Nitrides	p. 90
CVD of Compound Semiconductors	p. 92
Chemical Vapor Infiltration	p. 96
Aerosol Processes	p. 97
Aerosol Process Routes	p. 100
Reactors	p. 103
Products	p. 105
Film Generation	p. 107
Formation of Solids from Solutions and Melts	p. 111
Glass	p. 111
The Structural Theory of Glass Formation	p. 113
Crystallization versus Glass Formation	p. 117
Glass Melting	p. 122
Raw Materials of Glass Production	p. 123
Batch Melting	p. 123
Fining of Melts	p. 125
Homogenization of Melt	p. 126
Metallic Glasses	p. 126
Bulk Metallic Glasses	p. 129
Precipitation	p. 130
Monodisperse Crystals	p. 132
Shape Control of Crystals	p. 134
Biomaterials	p. 135
Biogenic Materials and Biomineralization	p. 136
Amorphous: Diatoms	p. 138
Ordered Mesoscopic Crystalline Aggregates: Bone	p. 140
Crystalline Materials	p. 141
Mineralization Processes	p. 142
Synthetic Biomaterials	p. 146
Bioactive Ceramics and Glasses	p. 148
Bone Substitutes	p. 149
Biomimetic Materials Chemistry	p. 149
Solvothermal Processes	p. 155
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Single Crystals	p. 155
General Aspects of Solvothermal Processes	p. 156
Non-aqueous Solvents	p. 162
Hydrothermal Synthesis	p. 163
Synthesis of Zeolites	p. 164
Hydrothermal Leaching	p. 165
Sol-Gel Processes	p. 165
The Physics of Sols	p. 170
Sol-Gel Processing of Silicate Materials	p. 173
Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions	p. 173
The Sol-Gel Transition (Gelation)	p. 179
Aging	p. 183
Drying	p. 184
Sol-Gel Chemistry of Metal Oxides	p. 185
Inorganic Precursors (Metal Salts)	p. 185
Alkoxide Precursors	p. 188
Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials	p. 191
Embedding of Organic Molecules	p. 192
Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polymers	p. 195
Non-hydrolytic Sol-Gel Processes	p. 202
Aerogels	p. 203
Drying Methods	p. 204
Properties and Applications	p. 207
Preparation and Modification of Inorganic Polymers	p. 211
General Aspects	p. 211
Polymeric Materials	p. 213
Crosslinking	p. 214
Preceramic Polymers	p. 216
Polysiloxanes (Silicones)	p. 219
Properties and Applications of Silicones	p. 219
Silicone Oils	p. 219
Silicone Elastomers	p. 220
Silicone Resins	p. 222
Structure of Silicones	p. 223
Preparation of Silicones	p. 224
Precursor Syntheses	p. 224
Hydrolysis, Methanolysis, and Polycondensation Reactions	p. 226
Equilibration and Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclosiloxanes	p. 228
Curing ("Vulcanizing")	p. 230
Polysiloxane Copolymers	p. 232
Polyphosphazenes	p. 233
Properties and Applications of Polyphosphazenes	p. 233
Preparation and Modification	p. 236
Polysilanes	p. 239
Properties and Applications of Polysilanes	p. 239
Effects Originating from the Substituents	p. 239
Effects Originating from the Backbone	p. 239
Preparation and Modification of Polysilanes	p. 242
Polycarbosilanes	p. 247
SiC Fibers from Polycarbosilanes (Yajima Process)	p. 247
Preparation of SiC Fibers	p. 248
Chemical Issues of Polymer Preparation, Curing, and Pyrolysis	p. 249
Polymer Preparation	p. 249
Crosslinking	p. 252
Pyrolysis	p. 253
Polysilazanes and Polyborosilazanes	p. 254
Preparation of Polysilazanes and Polyborosilazanes	p. 255
Curing and Pyrolysis Reactions	p. 258
Other Inorganic Polymers	p. 258
Preceramic Polymers for BN	p. 259
Other Phosphorus-Containing Polymers	p. 260
Polymers with S-N Backbones	p. 262
Metal-Containing Polymers	p. 262
One-Dimensional Coordination Polymers	p. 263
Metal-organic Frameworks	p. 265
Templated Materials	p. 275
Introduction to Porosity and High Surface Area Materials	p. 276
Metallic Foams and Porous Metals	p. 280
Casting Techniques	p. 281
Foaming	p. 281
Lost-Foam Casting	p. 282
Infiltration	p. 282
Gas-Eutectic Transformation	p. 283
Powder Metallurgy	p. 284
Powder Sintering	p. 284
Compacting with Foaming Agents	p. 285
Metal Deposition	p. 286
Soft Templates/Endotemplating	p. 286
Templating with Molecules	p. 287
Templating with Supramolecular Arrangements of Molecules	p. 294
Hard Templates/Exotemplating	p. 300
Nanocasting	p. 301
Ordered Silica as Template/Mold	p. 301
Colloidal Crystals as Templates/Molds	p. 302
Templating Towards Multiscale Porosity	p. 304
Dual or Multiple Templating	p. 305
Phase-Separation Strategies	p. 306
Incorporation of Functional Groups into Porous Materials	p. 308
Nanostructured Materials	p. 313
The Origin of Nanoeffects	p. 314
Properties of Nanomaterials	p. 316
Properties Originating from Surface Effects	p. 316
Chemical Properties	p. 316
Photocatalysis	p. 317
Melting Points	p. 318
Phase Transitions	p. 318
Diffusion and Sinterability	p. 319
Properties Originating from Quantum Confinement	p. 319
Optical Properties	p. 319
Electrical Properties	p. 322
Magnetic Properties	p. 322
Syntheses of Nanoparticles	p. 324
Mechanical Attrition	p. 326
Formation of Nanoparticles from Vapors	p. 326
Gas Condensation Method	p. 327
Solvated Metal Atom Dispersion Method	p. 328
Formation of Nanoparticles from Solution	p. 329
Two-Phase Method	p. 330
Hot-Injection Method	p. 332
Syntheses in Confined Spaces	p. 333
Surface Modification of Nanoparticles	p. 335
Nanocomposites	p. 337
One-Dimensional Nanostructures	p. 340
Nanowires and Nanorods	p. 340
Nanotubes	p. 342
Chemical Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes	p. 345
Nanometer-Scale Layers	p. 347
Graphene	p. 348
Self-Assembled Monolayers	p. 349
Glossary	p. 353
Index	p. 361
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.