Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition

by Burd, Stephen D.

• ISBN13: 9780619159788
• ISBN10: 0619159782
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-04-03
• Publisher: Course Technology

Summary

Systems Architecture, Fourth Edition is the most comprehensive introduction to information systems hardware and software in business. Each chapter has been thoroughly updated to reflect the changing nature of new technologies, and all of the end-of-chapter review has been enhanced and expanded. This new edition remains an indispensible tool for IS students and professionals with comprehensive coverage of current hardware, software, networking, data storage, applications development, and operating systems.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Computer Technology: Your Need to Know	1	(20)
Technology and Knowledge	2	(1)
Acquiring and Configuring Technological Devices	2	(1)
Information System Development	3	(5)
Systems Survey	4	(1)
Systems Analysis	5	(1)
Systems Design	5	(2)
Systems Implementation	7	(1)
Systems Evaluation and Maintenance	7	(1)
Management of Computer Resources	8	(1)
Roles and Job Titles	8	(4)
Application Development Personnel	9	(1)
Systems Software Personnel	10	(1)
Hardware Personnel	10	(1)
Systems Management Personnel	10	(2)
Computer Technology Information Sources	12	(6)
Periodical Literature	12	(2)
Technology-Oriented Web Sites	14	(2)
Vendor and Manufacturer Web Sites	16	(1)
Professional Societies	17	(1)
Summary	18	(3)
Key Terms	19	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	19	(1)
Review Questions	20	(1)
Research Problems	20	(1)
Introduction to Systems Architecture	21	(42)
Automated Computation	22	(3)
Mechanical Implementation	22	(2)
Electrical Implementation	24	(1)
Optical Implementation	24	(1)
Technology Focus: Quantum Computing	25	(1)
Computer Capabilities	26	(5)
Processor	27	(3)
Storage Capacity	30	(1)
Input/Output Capability	30	(1)
Computer Hardware	31	(5)
Central Processing Unit	32	(2)
System Bus	34	(1)
Primary Storage	34	(1)
Secondary Storage	34	(1)
Input/Output Devices	35	(1)
Computer System Classes	36	(1)
Business Focus: Bigger Isn't Always Better	37	(3)
Technology Focus: IBM POWER-Based Computer Systems	40	(2)
Business Focus: Do We Need a Mainframe?	42	(1)
The Role of Software	43	(6)
Software Types	44	(2)
System Software Layers	46	(1)
Operating Systems	47	(1)
Application Development Software	48	(1)
Economics of System and Application Development Software	49	(2)
Technology Focus: Intel CPUs and Microsoft Operating Systems	51	(2)
Computer Networks	53	(3)
External Resources	54	(1)
Network Software	55	(1)
Network Communication and the Physical Network	55	(1)
Summary	56	(7)
Key Terms	58	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	59	(1)
Review Questions	60	(1)
Research Problems	61	(2)
Data Representation	63	(48)
Data Representation and Processing	64	(1)
Automated Data Processing	65	(1)
Binary Data Representation	66	(7)
Hexadecimal Notation	71	(2)
Octal Notation	73	(1)
Goals of Computer Data Representation	73	(2)
Compactness	73	(1)
Accuracy	74	(1)
Ease of Manipulation	74	(1)
Standardization	75	(1)
CPU Data Types	75	(18)
Integers	76	(3)
Real Numbers	79	(5)
Character Data	84	(6)
Unicode	90	(1)
Boolean Data	91	(1)
Memory Addresses	92	(1)
Technology Focus: Intel Memory Address Formats	93	(1)
Data Structures	94	(11)
Pointers and Addresses	96	(1)
Arrays and Lists	97	(5)
Records and Files	102	(1)
Classes and Objects	103	(2)
Summary	105	(6)
Key Terms	106	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	107	(2)
Review Questions	109	(1)
Problems and Exercises	109	(1)
Research Problems	110	(1)
Processor Technology and Architecture	111	(46)
CPU Operation	112	(3)
Instructions and Instruction Sets	115	(11)
Data Movement	116	(1)
Data Transformations	117	(4)
Sequence Control	121	(1)
Complex Processing Operations	122	(1)
A Short Programming Example	123	(2)
Instruction Set Extensions	125	(1)
Instruction Format	126	(4)
Instruction Length	127	(1)
Reduced Instruction Set Computing	128	(2)
Clock Rate	130	(2)
CPU Registers	132	(2)
General-Purpose Registers	132	(1)
Special-Purpose Registers	133	(1)
Word Size	134	(2)
Technology Focus: Intel Pentium Processor Family	136	(2)
The Physical CPU	138	(9)
Switches and Gates	139	(1)
Electrical Properties	140	(2)
Processor Fabrication	142	(3)
Current Technology Capabilities and Limitations	145	(2)
Business Focus: Server CPUs	147	(2)
Future Trends	149	(2)
Optical Processing	149	(1)
Electro-Optical Processing	150	(1)
Quantum Processing	150	(1)
Summary	151	(6)
Key Terms	152	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	153	(1)
Review Questions	154	(1)
Problems and Exercises	155	(1)
Research Problems	156	(1)
Data Storage Technology	157	(48)
Storage Device Characteristics	158	(7)
Speed	160	(2)
Volatility	162	(1)
Access Method	162	(1)
Portability	163	(1)
Cost and Capacity	164	(1)
Memory-Storage Hierarchy	164	(1)
Primary Storage Devices	165	(5)
Storing Electrical Signals	166	(1)
Random Access Memory	166	(3)
Read-Only Memory	169	(1)
Memory Packaging	169	(1)
CPU Memory Access	170	(4)
Physical Memory Organization	170	(1)
Memory Allocation and Addressing	171	(3)
Magnetic Storage	174	(7)
Magnetic Decay and Leakage	176	(1)
Storage Density	177	(1)
Media Integrity	177	(1)
Magnetic Tape	178	(3)
Technology Focus: Magnetic Tape Formats and Standards	181	(7)
Magnetic Disk	182	(6)
Technology Focus: Whither the Floppy Disk?	188	(2)
Optical Mass Storage Devices	190	(6)
CD-ROM	193	(1)
WORM and CD-R	194	(1)
Magneto-Optical	194	(1)
Phase-Change Optical Discs	195	(1)
DVD-ROM	195	(1)
Business Focus: A Modern SneakerNet?	196	(2)
Summary	198	(7)
Key Terms	199	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	200	(2)
Review Questions	202	(1)
Problems and Exercises	203	(1)
Research Problems	203	(2)
System Integration and Performance	205	(38)
System Bus	206	(4)
Bus Clock and Data Transfer Rate	207	(1)
Bus Protocol	208	(2)
Logical and Physical Access	210	(3)
Device Controllers	213	(1)
Mainframe Channels	214	(1)
Technology Focus: SCSI	214	(3)
Interrupt Processing	217	(5)
Interrupt Handlers	218	(1)
Multiple Interrupts	219	(1)
Stack Processing	219	(1)
Performance Effects	220	(2)
Buffers and Caches	222	(7)
Buffers	222	(2)
Diminishing Returns	224	(1)
Cache	225	(4)
Technology Focus: Itanium Memory Cache	229	(2)
Compression	231	(2)
Technology Focus: MPEG and MP3	233	(1)
Summary	234	(9)
Key Terms	236	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	236	(2)
Review Questions	238	(1)
Problems and Exercises	239	(2)
Research Problems	241	(2)
Input/Output Technology	243	(44)
Basic Concepts of Print and Display	244	(8)
Matrix-Oriented Image Composition	245	(4)
Image Storage Requirements	249	(1)
Image Description Languages	250	(2)
Technology Focus: Adobe PostScript and Portable Document Format	252	(2)
Video Display	254	(7)
Character-Oriented Video Display Terminals	254	(2)
Video Controllers	256	(2)
Video Monitors	258	(3)
Printers	261	(4)
Inkjet Printers	262	(1)
Printer Communication	263	(1)
Laser Printers	264	(1)
Plotters	265	(1)
Manual Input Devices	265	(5)
Keyboards	265	(1)
Pointing Devices	266	(4)
Optical Input Devices	270	(4)
Mark Sensors and Bar Code Scanners	270	(2)
Optical Scanners	272	(1)
Digital Cameras	273	(1)
Portable Data Capture Devices	274	(1)
Audio I/O Devices	274	(6)
Speech Recognition	275	(2)
Speech Generation	277	(1)
General-Purpose Audio Hardware	278	(2)
Summary	280	(7)
Key Terms	282	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	282	(2)
Review Questions	284	(1)
Research Problems	285	(2)
Data and Network Communication Technology	287	(52)
Communication Protocols	288	(2)
Encoding and Transmitting Bits	290	(10)
Carrier Waves	290	(3)
Modulation Methods	293	(2)
Analog Signals	295	(1)
Digital Signals	296	(2)
Signal Capacity and Errors	298	(2)
Transmission Media	300	(10)
Speed and Capacity	301	(1)
Frequency and Bandwidth	302	(3)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	305	(2)
Electrical and Optical Cabling	307	(2)
Wireless Data Transmission	309	(1)
Channel Organization	310	(7)
Simplex, Half Duplex, and Full Duplex	310	(3)
Parallel and Serial Transmission	313	(1)
Channel Sharing	314	(3)
Technology Focus: Infiniband	317	(3)
Clock Synchronization	320	(3)
Error Detection and Correction	323	(4)
Parity Checking	324	(1)
Block Checking	325	(1)
Cyclic Redundancy Checking	326	(1)
Technology Focus: 802.11 Wireless Network Standards	327	(2)
Business Focus: Upgrading Storage and Network Capacity (Part I)	329	(1)
Summary	330	(9)
Key Terms	332	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	333	(2)
Review Questions	335	(1)
Problems and Exercises	336	(1)
Research Problems	337	(2)
Computer Networks	339	(34)
Network Topology	340	(7)
Addressing and Routing	347	(3)
Local Area Network Routing	347	(2)
Wide Area Network Routing	349	(1)
Media Access Control	350	(2)
Network Hardware	352	(4)
Network Interface Units	353	(1)
Hubs	354	(1)
Bridges	354	(1)
Routers	355	(1)
Switches	355	(1)
Technology Focus: Home Networks	356	(2)
OSI Network Layers	358	(3)
Application Layer	358	(1)
Presentation Layer	359	(1)
Session Layer	360	(1)
Transport Layer	360	(1)
Network Layer	360	(1)
Data Link Layer	360	(1)
Physical Layer	361	(1)
TCP/IP	361	(2)
Network Standards	363	(2)
Technology Focus: Ethernet	365	(2)
Business Focus: Upgrading Network Capacity (Part II)	367	(1)
Summary	368	(5)
Key Terms	369	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	370	(1)
Review Questions	371	(1)
Research Problems	371	(2)
Application Development	373	(44)
The Application Development Process	374	(6)
Systems Development Life Cycle	375	(2)
Methodologies and Models	377	(1)
Tools	377	(3)
Programming Languages	380	(9)
First-Generation Languages	381	(1)
Second-Generation Languages	381	(1)
Third-Generation Languages	382	(1)
Fourth-Generation Languages	383	(2)
Fifth-Generation Languages	385	(2)
Object-Oriented Programming Languages	387	(1)
Scripting Languages	388	(1)
Programming Language Standards	388	(1)
Compilation	389	(8)
Data Declarations	391	(1)
Data Operations	391	(1)
Control Structures	392	(3)
Function Calls	395	(2)
Link Editing	397	(4)
Dynamic and Static Linking	399	(2)
Interpreters	401	(1)
Technology Focus: Java	402	(2)
Symbolic Debugging	404	(2)
Integrated Application Development Tools	406	(2)
Programmer's Workbenches	406	(2)
Technology Focus: Oracle JDeveloper	408	(2)
CASE Tools	409	(1)
Business Focus: Building the Next Generation of Application Software	410	(2)
Summary	412	(5)
Key Terms	413	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	413	(1)
Review Questions	414	(1)
Problems and Exercises	415	(1)
Research Problems	416	(1)
Operating Systems	417	(50)
Operating System Overview	418	(4)
Operating System Management Functions	419	(1)
Operating System Layers	420	(2)
Resource Allocation	422	(4)
Single Process Resource Allocation	423	(1)
Multiple Process Resource Allocation	423	(1)
Resource Allocation Goals	424	(1)
Resource Allocation Tasks	424	(1)
Real and Virtual Resources	425	(1)
Process Management	426	(3)
Process Control Data Structures	427	(1)
Threads	428	(1)
CPU Allocation	429	(9)
Thread States	429	(2)
Interrupt Processing	431	(1)
Scheduling	432	(6)
Technology Focus: Windows XP and .NET Scheduling	438	(2)
Business Focus: Choosing a Server Operating System	440	(3)
Memory Allocation	443	(10)
Single-Tasking Memory Allocation	443	(2)
Multitasking Memory Allocation	445	(3)
Memory Fragmentation	448	(1)
Noncontiguous Memory Allocation	449	(1)
Virtual Memory Management	450	(2)
Memory Protection	452	(1)
Memory Management Hardware	452	(1)
Technology Focus: Intel Pentium Memory Management	453	(4)
Interprocess Communication	457	(4)
Interprocess Signals	457	(2)
Interprocess Data Communication	459	(2)
Summary	461	(6)
Key Terms	463	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	463	(2)
Review Questions	465	(1)
Research Problems	466	(1)
File Management Systems	467	(36)
File Management Systems	468	(6)
Logical and Physical Storage Views	470	(1)
File Content and Type	471	(3)
Directory Content and Structure	474	(3)
Hierarchical Directory Structure	475	(2)
Graph Directory Structure	477	(1)
Storage Allocation	477	(7)
Allocation Units	478	(1)
Storage Allocation Tables	479	(2)
Blocking and Buffering	481	(2)
An Example	483	(1)
File Manipulation	484	(2)
File Open and Close Operations	484	(1)
Delete and Undelete Operations	485	(1)
Access Controls	486	(1)
Technology Focus: Windows NTFS	487	(2)
File Migration, Backup, and Recovery	489	(6)
File Migration	490	(1)
File Backup	491	(1)
Transaction Logging	492	(1)
File Recovery	493	(1)
Fault Tolerance	494	(1)
Mirroring	494	(1)
Technology Focus: RAID	495	(3)
Summary	498	(5)
Key Terms	499	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	500	(1)
Review Questions	501	(1)
Problems and Exercises	501	(1)
Research Problems	502	(1)
Internet and Distributed Application Services	503	(38)
Distributed Computing	504	(3)
Client-Server Architecture	505	(1)
N-Layer Client-Server Architecture	505	(2)
Network Resource Access	507	(5)
Protocol Stacks	507	(1)
Accessing Remote Resources	508	(4)
Interprocess Communication	512	(3)
Sockets	512	(1)
Named Pipes	513	(2)
Remote Procedure Calls	515	(1)
Technology Focus: Distributed Computing Environment	515	(2)
The Internet	517	(6)
Standard Web Protocols and Services	517	(4)
The Internet as an Application Platform	521	(2)
Components and Distributed Objects	523	(7)
Component-Based Software	524	(1)
Components and Objects	525	(1)
Connection Standards and Infrastructure	526	(1)
CORBA	527	(1)
COM+	528	(1)
SOAP	529	(1)
Directory Services	530	(3)
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)	531	(2)
Technology Focus: Microsoft Active Directory	533	(3)
Summary	536	(5)
Key Terms	537	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	537	(2)
Review Questions	539	(1)
Research Problems	540	(1)
System Administration	541	(36)
System Administration	542	(4)
Strategic Planning	543	(1)
Hardware and Software as Infrastructure	544	(1)
Standards	545	(1)
Competitive Advantage	545	(1)
Business Focus: A Standard Hardware Platform?	546	(1)
The Acquisition Process	547	(4)
Determining and Stating Requirements	548	(1)
Request for Proposals	549	(1)
Evaluating Proposals	550	(1)
Determining Requirements and Evaluating Performance	551	(5)
Benchmarks	553	(1)
Measuring Resource Demand and Utilization	554	(2)
Technology Focus: Windows XP and .NET Server Performance Monitoring	556	(1)
Security	557	(10)
Access Controls	558	(2)
Password Controls and Security	560	(1)
Auditing	561	(1)
Virus Protection	562	(1)
Software Updates	563	(2)
Firewalls	565	(2)
Physical Environment	567	(5)
Electrical Power	568	(1)
Heat Dissipation	569	(1)
Moisture	570	(1)
Cable Routing	571	(1)
Fire Protection	571	(1)
Disaster Planning and Recovery	572	(1)
Summary	572	(5)
Key Terms	574	(1)
Vocabulary Exercises	574	(1)
Review Questions	575	(1)
Research Problems	576	(1)
Appendix: Measurement Units	577	(4)
Time Units	578	(1)
Capacity Units	578	(1)
Data Transfer Rates	579	(2)
Glossary	581	(28)
Index	609