Systems With Small Dissipation

by Braginsky, Vladimir Borisovich; Mitrofanov, V. P.; Panov, V. I.

• ISBN13: 9780226070735
• ISBN10: 0226070735
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1986-01-01
• Publisher: Univ of Chicago Pr

Summary

Electromagnetic and mechanical oscillators are crucial in such diverse fields as electrical engineering, microwave technology, optical technology, and experimental physics. For example, such oscillators are the key elements in instruments for detecting extremely weak mechanical forces and electromagnetic signals are essential to highly stable standards of time and frequency. The central problem in developing such instruments is to construct oscillators that are as perfectly simple harmonic as possible; the largest obstacle is the oscillator's dissipation and the fluctuating forces associated with it. This book, first published in Russian in 1981 and updated with new data for this English edition, is a treatise on the sources of dissipation and other defects in mechanical and electromagnetic oscillators and on practical techniques for minimizing such defects. Written by a team of researchers from Moscow State University who are leading experts in the field, the book is a virtual encyclopedia of theoretical formulas, experimental techniques, and practical lore derived from twenty-five years of experience. Intended for the experimenter who wishes to construct near-perfect instrumentation, the book provides information on everything from the role of phonon-phonon scattering as a fundamental source of dissipation to the effectiveness of a thin film of pork fat in reducing the friction between a support wire and a mechanically oscillating sapphire crystal. The researchers that V. B. Braginsky has led since the mid-1960s are best known in the West for their contributions to the technology of gravitational-wave detection, their experimental search for quarks, their test of the equivalency principle, and their invention of new experimental techniques for high-precision measurement, including "quantum nondemolition movements." Here, for the first time, they provide a thorough overview of the practical knowledge and experimental methods that have earned them a worldwide reputation for ingenuity, talent, and successful technique.

Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface to the English Edition

Preface to the Russian Edition

Introduction

Classical oscillators with small dissipation

Quantum mechanical features of macroscopic oscillators

Mechanical Oscillators with Small Dissipation

Fundamental dissipative processes in solids

Thermoelastic dissipation

Dissipation due to phonon-phonon interactions

Dissipation due to phonon-electron interactions in metals

Dissipation due to lattice defects and the internal structures of solid bodies

Energy losses arising from the design of a mechanical resonator

Losses due to gas friction

Surface losses

Losses due to coupling of different kinds of vibrations

Losses in a resonator's suspension

High-Q resonators made from sapphire monocrystals

Electromagnetic Resonators with Small Dissipation

Superconducting cavity electromagnetic resonators

Surface resistance and residual resistance of superconductors

Quality factors of superconducting resonators

Frequency stability of superconducting resonators

Methods of constructing superconducting resonators

Properties of superconducting resonators with dielectric interiors

High-quality dielectric ring resonators

Radiative losses due to curvature of the waveguide

Radiative losses due to spatial variations of the dielectric constant inside the resonator

Radiative losses due to roughness or to smooth inhomogeneities of the resonator's geometry

High-quality Electromagnetic Resonators in Physical Experiments

Electromagnetic self-excited oscillators stabilized by high-quality superconducting resonators

Applications of superconducting resonators in radiophysical measurements

Measurements of very small mechanical vibrations

Measurements of small electromagnetic losses in solids

Measurements of the surface impedances of superconductors

Other applications of superconducting resonators

Mechanical Oscillators in Physical Experiments

Mechanical gravitational antennae

Applications of high-quality mechanical resonators to frequency stabilization

Epilogue to the English Edition

Bibliography

Index

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