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Psychiatrists Allen Frances, Michael B. First, and HaroldAlan Pincus contend that although the Diagnostic and StatisticalManual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) has certainlimitations, it represents a vast improvement over previously usedsystems and incorporates the most up-to-date knowledge available.Professor of social work Herb Kutchins and professor of social welfareStuart A. Kirk assert that the American Psychiatric Association'sdiagnostic system, particularly the current edition, DSM-IV,is so flawed that its utility should be seriouslyquestioned.
Forensic psychiatric consultant Terry A. Kupers assertsthat several phenomena pertaining to gender and sexuality arepathologized in the diagnostic system of the Diagnostic andStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.(DSM-IV). Ruth Ross, Allen Frances, and Thomas A. Widiger,coeditors of the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-IVSourcebook, disagree with the notion of bias associated withgender and sexuality.
Psychiatrist Frank W. Putnam contends that the diagnosisof multiple personality disorder meets the standards for the threebasic forms of validity: content validity, construct validity, andcriterion-related validity. Psychiatrist Paul R. McHugh denies thevalidity of multiple personality disorder, asserting that thiscondition is a socially created behavioral disorder induced bypsychotherapists.
Psychiatrist Edward M. Hallowell asserts that anappreciation for the complexity of attention deficit disorder (ADD)can provide valuable understanding about the workings of the brain andhow this disorder affects the lives of millions of people. Educationalconsultant and former special education teacher Thomas Armstrongcontends that the diagnosis of ADD has been blown out of proportion bythe public and the professional community and is, in fact, aquestionable diagnosis.
Psychiatrist E. Joanne Angelo contends that women who haveabortions are at risk of developing a lasting, serious syndromeconsisting of several emotional and behavioral problems. Socialactivist Joyce Arthur asserts that a general consensus has beenreached in the medical and scientific communities that most women whohave abortions experience little or no psychologicalharm.
Psychiatrist Richard P. Kluft supports the notion thatpeople can recover memories that have been long unavailable, and hecites several verified examples in which psychotherapy patientsrecalled previously inaccessible memories of traumatic events.Psychologist Elizabeth F. Loftus cites extensive laboratory researchto support her conclusion that suggestion and imagination can create"memories" of events that never actually occurred.
Psychologist and psychotherapy researcher Sol L. Garfieldasserts that too much emphasis is being placed on the importance ofusing empirically supported or validated therapies for treating peoplewith specific psychiatric disorders. Psychologist and psychotherapyresearcher Philip C. Kendall contends that psychotherapists shouldrely on the knowledge derived from extensive research when they selecttreatments for clients with particular psychiatricdisorders.
Physician Peter R. Breggin, founder of the InternationalCenter for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology, asserts thatbehavior-modifying medications such as Ritalin are vastly overused byparents and teachers who have come to view normal childhood behaviorsas pathological conditions warranting psychiatric interventions.Professor of psychiatry Russell Barkley views behavior disorders ofchildhood, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), asserious conditions warranting medical intervention in order to reducethe likelihood of social, academic, and emotionalproblems.
Psychiatrists Fred Ovsiew and Jonathan Bird assert thatpsychosurgery is an invaluable intervention for certain kinds ofseriously disordered patients who have not responded to other forms oftreatment, and they insist that failure to provide this interventionto those who need it would be ethically questionable. NeurosurgeonFrank T. Vertosick, Jr., argues that psychosurgical procedures rest ona shaky scientific foundation and involve procedures that causeirreversible injury to the brain.
Psychology and communication researchers L. RowellHuesmann and Jessica Moise assert that there is a clear relationshipbetween aggression and children's viewing of media violence, and theypoint to several theoretical explanations for this connection.Psychology professor Jonathan L. Freedman disagrees with theconclusion of researchers that there is a relationship betweenaggression and children's viewing of media violence, and he arguesthat many conclusions in this area are based on methodologicallyflawed studies.
Sociology professor Diana E. H. Russell considerspornography profoundly harmful because it predisposes men to want torape women and undermines internal and social inhibitions againstacting out rape fantasies. Law professor Nadine Strossen contends thatthere is no credible research to support the claim that sexist,violent imagery leads to harmful behavior against women.
Professor of psychiatry Howard H. Goldman discusses thebenefits resulting from deinstitutionalization, a process that hebelieves has emerged from sound public policy. Psychiatrist E. FullerTorrey calls the deinstitutionalization movement a disaster that hasresulted in widespread homelessness among the mentally ill. Heattributes this failed policy to social errors within the legal andacademic realms.
Rhea K. Farberman, director of public communications forthe American Psychological Association, makes the case that mentalhealth professionals should be called upon to assess terminally illpersons requesting hastened death in order to ensure that decisionmaking is rational and free of coercion. Psychiatrists Mark D.Sullivan, Linda Ganzini, and Stuart J. Youngner argue that thereliance on mental health professionals to be suicide gatekeepersinvolves an inappropriate use of clinical procedures to disguisesociety's ambivalence about suicide itself.
Psychologist Mark A. Yarhouse asserts that mental healthprofessionals have an ethical responsibility to allow individuals topursue treatment aimed at curbing same-sex attraction, stating thatdoing so affirms the client's dignity and autonomy. PsychologistDouglas C. Haldeman criticizes therapy involving sexual reorientation,insisting that there is no evidence that such treatments are effectiveand that they run the risk of further stigmatizinghomosexuality.
Law professor Alan M. Dershowitz criticizes the "abuseexcuse", a legal tactic by which criminal defendants claim a historyof abuse as an excuse for violent retaliation. He asserts that it isdangerous to the very tenets of democracy, which presuppose personalaccountability for choices and actions. Law professor Peter Arenellaargues that Dershowitz grossly exaggerates the extent to which the"abuse excuse" is actually used in criminal law by highlighting a fewhigh-profile, exceptional cases.
Physician Max Fink asserts that electroconvulsive therapy(ECT) is an effective intervention whose use has been limited as aresult of social stigma and philosophical bias, which have beenreinforced by intimidation from the pharmaceutical and managed careindustries. Physician Leonard R. Frank criticizes the use of ECTbecause of its disturbing side effects, some of which he personallyhas suffered, and asserts that its resurgence in popularity iseconomically based.
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