Teaching Special Students in General Education Classrooms

by Lewis, Rena B.; Doorlag, Donald H.

• ISBN13: 9780130983664
• ISBN10: 0130983667
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

As the practice of inclusion expands, the challenges for teachers increase. Here is everything a future teacher needs to know in order to work effectively and sensitively within increasingly diverse elementary and secondary classrooms. The authors explain how to identify children with learning problems and describe numerous tools for general education classes that will help children with disabilities, gifted and talented pupils, students who are at-risk, and culturally or linguistically diverse students improve their academic performance, better manage their behavior, and achieve greater social acceptance. Coverage includes current governmental regulations, the increasing diversity in America's classrooms, specific populations and the types of school problems they most often encounter, as well as techniques for tackling specific problems. For teaching professionals in the field of Special Education.

Table of Contents

PART I Introduction
Success for All Students in the General Education Classroom	2	(24)
Changing Terminology: From Mainstreaming to Inclusion	3	(2)
Students with Special Needs	5	(2)
For Your Information: Special Students	7	(1)
Historical Perspectives and Current Practices	7	(4)
For Your Information: Landmark Legislation for Persons with Disabilities	9	(2)
Benefits of Including Special Students	11	(1)
For Your Information: Students' Perceptions of Inclusion	12	(1)
The Role of Special Education	12	(7)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Teaching Special Students and All the Others	13	(6)
Current Issues and Trends	19	(2)
For Your Information: People-First Language	21	(1)
General Education Teachers and Special Students	21	(2)
Things to Remember	23	(1)
Activities	23	(3)
Window on the Web: The Council for Exceptional Children	24	(2)
Collaboration and the Team Approach	26	(34)
Teams Serving Students with Special Needs	27	(6)
For Your Information: Important Provisions of PL 105-17, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Amendments of 1997	28	(5)
Roles of Team Members	33	(4)
Window on the Web: Family Village	36	(1)
Collaboration in the Identification and Prereferral Stages	37	(6)
Window on the Web: IDEA Practices	38	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Collaborating with Other Professionals during Preferral	40	(3)
Collaboration in Referral and Assessment	43	(3)
Collaboration in Designing the Individualized Education Program	46	(5)
For Your Information: Required Components of the Individualized Education Program (IEP)	47	(4)
Special Education Program Options	51	(7)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: IEP Responsibilities of General Educators	52	(6)
Things to Remember	58	(1)
Activities	58	(2)
Special Students, Special Needs	60	(22)
Special Students	61	(13)
Window on the Web: National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities	68	(4)
For Your Information: Making Sense of Special Education Abbreviations	72	(1)
For Your Information: Special Needs	73	(1)
Special Needs	74	(1)
Causes of Learning Problems	75	(1)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Explaining Classroom Modifications to Peer	76	(1)
Assessment of Special Learning Needs	76	(3)
Skills for the General Education Teacher	79	(1)
Things To Remember	80	(1)
Activities	80	(2)
PART II Skills for the General Education Teacher
Adapting Instruction	82	(30)
Academic Problems in the Classroom	83	(2)
Window on the Web: AskERIC	85	(1)
Principles of Instruction	85	(14)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Writing Instructional Objectives	89	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Direct Teaching	91	(7)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Providing Students with Feedback	98	(1)
Methods for Gathering Data	99	(5)
Strategies for Adapting Instruction	104	(4)
Making Test Accommodations	108	(2)
Things to Remember	110	(1)
Activities	110	(2)
Managing Classroom Behavior	112	(28)
Behavior Problems in the Classroom	113	(3)
For Your Information: Behavior Problems	114	(2)
Principles of Managing Behavior	116	(4)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: The Use of Drugs in Managing Hyperactivity	120	(1)
Methods for Gathering Data	120	(7)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Techniques for Conducting Observations in the General Education Classroom	125	(2)
Positive Strategies for Managing and Improving Behavior	127	(11)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Explaining Special Behavior Programs to General Education Peers	127	(6)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Classroom Reinforcers	133	(4)
Things to Remember	137	(1)
Activities	138	(2)
Window on the Web: American Federation of Teachers and National Education Association	139	(1)
Promoting Social Acceptance	140	(24)
Social Problems in the Classroom	142	(1)
Principles for Enhancing Social Acceptance	143	(3)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: How to Get to Know People with Disabilities	145	(1)
Methods for Gathering Data	146	(4)
Strategies for Promoting Acceptance of Special Students	150	(13)
Window on the Web: Kids on the Block	151	(1)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Children's Literature about Disabilities	151	(5)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Enhancing Social Acceptance	156	(6)
Things to Remember	162	(1)
Activities	163	(1)
Coordinating the Classroom Learning Environment	164	(24)
Coordination Skills for the Teacher	165	(2)
Arranging the Physical Environment	167	(6)
Organizing the Instructional Environment	173	(6)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Self-Corecting Instructional Materials	176	(3)
Using Educational Technologies	179	(1)
Spotlight on Technology: Tape Recorders	179	(1)
Managing Time and Other Resources	180	(6)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Time Management	181	(4)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Peer Tutors and Adult Volunteers	185	(1)
Things to Remember	186	(1)
Activities	186	(2)
Window on the Web: Magazines for Teachers	187	(1)
Using Computers and Other Technologies in the Classroom	188	(30)
Classroom Uses of Computers	189	(2)
Computers and Other Technologies	191	(2)
The World Wide Web	193	(4)
For Your Information: Listservs on Disability Topics	197	(1)
Educational Software	197	(5)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Introducing Students to Database Management Programs	200	(1)
Spotlight on Technology: Lesson PLANalyst 1.0, a Lesson Planning Program	201	(1)
Selecting Appropriate Software	202	(4)
Window on the Web: Websites of Software Publishers	203	(3)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Ten Reasons for Automatically Rejecting a Program	206	(1)
Assistive Technologies for Students with Special Needs	206	(7)
Spotlight on Technology: The IntelliKeys Keyboard	208	(4)
For Your Information: Resources for Information about Special Education Technology	212	(1)
Strategies for Classroom Computer Use	213	(3)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Principles for Integrating Technology	213	(2)
Things to Remember	215	(1)
Activities	216	(2)
PART III Methods for Teaching Students with Disabilities in General Education
Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders	218	(30)
Indicators of Learning Disabilities	220	(1)
Assessment Procedures	221	(4)
Window on the Web: Websites about Learning Disabilities	222	(3)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Determining Reading Levels	225	(1)
Special Services	225	(3)
Classroom Adaptations	228	(1)
For Your Information: Students with Learning Disabilities	228	(1)
Teaching Basic Skills	229	(10)
Spotlight on Technology: Write:OutLoud and Co:Writer, Word Processing Tools for Writers with Special Needs	236	(3)
Modifying Content Area Instruction	239	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Taped Textbooks	240	(1)
Adapting Instruction for Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders	241	(5)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Myths a bout ADHD	243	(2)
Window on the Web: CHADD	245	(1)
Things to Remember	246	(1)
Activities	246	(2)
Teaching Students with Mild Retardation and Severe Disabilities	248	(26)
Indicators of Mental Retardation	250	(2)
Window on the Web: Websites about Mental Retardation	251	(1)
Assessment Procedures	252	(2)
For Your Information: Students with Mild Retardation	252	(2)
Special Services	254	(3)
Classroom Adaptations	257	(2)
Teaching Functional Academics	259	(4)
Spotlight on Technology: Software for Developing Reading Skills	260	(3)
Improving General Work Habits	263	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Differential Grading	263	(2)
Strategies for Working with Students with Severe Disabilities	265	(6)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Circles of Friends	267	(4)
Activities	271	(3)
Things to Remember	272	(2)
Teaching Students with Behavioral Disorders	274	(24)
Window on the Web: Websites about Behavioral Disorders	276	(1)
Indicators of Behavioral Disorders	277	(3)
For Your Information: Students with Behavioral Disorders	279	(1)
Assessment Procedures	280	(1)
Special Services	281	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	282	(3)
Spotlight on Technology: Math Software	283	(2)
Controlling Disruptive Behaviors	285	(6)
Spotlight on Technology: Technology as a Reward	289	(1)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Discipline Provisions of the 1997 IDEA Amendments	290	(1)
Teaching Study Skills	291	(5)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Self-Instructional Training	295	(1)
Things to Remember	295	(1)
Activities	296	(2)
Teaching Students with Communication Disorders and Autism	298	(20)
Window on the Web: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)	300	(1)
Indicators of Communication Disorders	301	(1)
Assessment Procedures	301	(4)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Recognizing Speech Impairments	302	(3)
Special Services	305	(1)
For Your Information: Students with Communication Disorders	306	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	306	(1)
Encouraging Oral Communication	307	(3)
Spotlight on Technology: Augmentative Communication	308	(2)
Teaching Language Skills	310	(3)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: When Students Leave the Classroom for Special Services	312	(1)
Special Considerations for Students with Autism	313	(2)
Window on the Web: Autism Society of Amrica	313	(1)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: A Teacher's Advice for Working with Students with Autism	314	(1)
Things to Remember	315	(1)
Activities	315	(3)
Teaching Students with Physical and Health Impairments	318	(24)
For Your Information: Students with Physical and Health Impairments	320	(1)
Indicators of Physical and Health Impairments	321	(3)
For Your Information: Glossary of Medical Terms	322	(2)
Assessment Procedures	324	(1)
Special Services	325	(2)
Window on the Web: Websites about Physical and Health Impairments	326	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	327	(1)
Meeting Physical and Health Needs	327	(5)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Misconceptions about Students with Diabetes	328	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: What to Do for Seizures	330	(2)
Modifying the Physical Environment	332	(3)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Checking Your School for Accessibility	332	(3)
Adapting Instructional Activities	335	(5)
Spotlight on Technology: Switch Access	336	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Working with Students with Traumatic Brain Injury	338	(1)
Things to Remember	339	(1)
Activities	340	(2)
Teaching Students with Visual and Hearing Impairments	342	(24)
For Your Information: Students with Sensory Impairments	345	(1)
Indicators of Visual and Hearing Impairments	345	(3)
Assessment Procedures	348	(1)
Special Services	349	(3)
Window on the Web: Websites about Sensory Impairments	351	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	352	(1)
Arranging the Learning Environment	352	(3)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Orientation and Mobility	354	(1)
Spotlight on Tehnology: Braille Personal Notetakers	354	(1)
Modifying Instructional Procedures	355	(9)
Spotlight on Technology: Classroom Amplification Devices	360	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Students Who Are Hard of Hearing	362	(1)
Things to Remember	363	(1)
Activities	364	(2)
PART IV Methods for Teaching Students with Other Special Needs in General Education
Teaching Students Who Are Gifted and Talented	366	(20)
Indicators of Talent and Giftedness	368	(5)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Signs of Giftedness and Talent	369	(3)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Common Myths and Truths about Gifted Students	372	(1)
For Your Information: Students Who Are Gifted and Talented	373	(1)
Assessment Procedures	373	(2)
Window on the Web: Websites about Giftedness and Talent	375	(1)
Special Services	375	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	376	(1)
Educational Options for Students Who Are Gifted and Talented	377	(3)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Promoting Appropriate Instruction for Gifted Students	379	(1)
Promoting Creativity and Problem Sovling	380	(3)
Spotlight on Technology: HyperStudio®, a Multimedia Authoring Tool for Students and Teachers	382	(1)
Assisting Students Who Are Underachieving	383	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Motivating Underchievers	384	(1)
Things to Remember	385	(1)
Activities	385	(1)
Teaching Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students	386	(20)
For Your Information: Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in the United States	390	(1)
Diversity in the General Education Classroom	390	(1)
Cultural Diversity	391	(3)
Window on the Web: Websites Related to Diversity	393	(1)
Linguistic Diversity	394	(2)
Assessment and Special Services	396	(3)
Spotlight on Technology: Software to Assist Language Learners	398	(1)
Classroom Adaptations	399	(1)
Promoting Acceptance of Diversity	400	(5)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Teaching a Sheltered English Lesson	401	(1)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Teaching Students from Diverse Groups	402	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Overcoming Language and Cultural Barriers	404	(1)
Things to Remember	404	(1)
Activities	405	(1)
Teaching Students at Risk for School Failure	406	(26)
For Your Information: Students at Risk for School Failure	409	(1)
Spotlight on Technology: The AlphaSmart Keyboard	410	(1)
Dropouts	411	(3)
Window on the Web: Websites Related to Risk Factors	413	(1)
Suicide	414	(5)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Dealing with Potential Suicides	417	(2)
Drug and Alcohol Abuse	419	(2)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Elements of a Successful Drug Abuse Prevention Program	421	(1)
Teenage Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases	421	(2)
Child Abuse and Neglect	423	(5)
Inclusion Tips for the Teacher: Identifying Suspected Child Abuse	425	(3)
Eating Disorders	428	(1)
Delinquency	429	(2)
Things to Remember	430	(1)
Activities	431	(1)
Epilogue	432	(9)
Past Mistakes	433	(1)
Is Inclusion Working?	434	(4)
Critical Issues for the Future	438	(3)
Glossary	441	(6)
References	447	(18)
Author Index	465	(8)
Subject Index	473

Excerpts

This book is about two things: students with special needs and teaching. It is designed to prepare the professional educator to effectively teach the range of students found in the typical elementary or secondary classroom. It provides information about four groups of students with special needs: students with disabilities, gifted and talented learners, culturally and linguistically diverse individuals, and students at risk for school failure. In addition, it presents practical strategies for adapting standard instruction to meet the learning needs of all students in general education classrooms. THE SIXTH EDITION The sixth edition has been thoroughly updated with the addition of several new topics and expanded coverage of others. Included are discussions of important areas such as these: Current laws and regulations including the regulations for PL 105-17, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Amendments; New federal reform directions such as "No Child Left Behind;" Changes in the nature and diversity of the U.S. population according to the 2000 Census; Current information about the inclusion of students with disabilities in regular schools and general education classrooms; Strategies for making test accommodations for students with disabilities; Functional analysis of students' behavioral problems; Special services for students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Classroom adaptations for students with autism, ADHD, traumatic brain injury, and severe disabilities; and New web and assistive technology resources for general educators. The sixth edition reflects current research in the fields of special and general education (more than 150 new references have been added), and there is information on the newest technologies available for use with special students in general education classrooms. Several of the "Spotlight on Technology" sections now feature software and assistive devices recommended for students with special needs. In addition, the "Window on the Web" feature introduces readers to websites that offer valuable information about special education, general education, or the teaching-learning process. ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT In organizing this book, we have attempted to maintain a noncategorical approach to instruction while acknowledging the differential impact of student characteristics on school performance. To accomplish this, the first eight chapters of the book (and the Epilogue) address the needs of all special students and their teachers. The chapters dealing with instructional methods (chapters 9 to 17), in contrast, are tied to specific populations of students and the types of school problems they most often encounter. However, the instructional strategies discussed in these chapters are relevant for any student with the same difficulties. For example, because students with learning disabilities are characterized by the problems they experience with mastering basic skills, the chapter focusing on this group includes techniques for teaching reading, written language, and mathematics skills. These techniques can and should be used with other students facing similar skill acquisition problems. The 17 chapters of this book are divided into four major sections. The first part, "Introduction," identifies the purposes of inclusion, provides a rationale for a team approach to the solution of educational problems, and describes the major instructional needs of special students. The second part, "Skills for the General Education Teacher;" addresses the needs of the educator. Strategies are provided for achieving four basic instructional goals: adapting instruction, managing classroom behavior, promoting social acceptance, and coordinating the classroom learning environment. Also, information is provided on the effective use of computers and other technol