Technology and Innovation in Japan: Policy and Management for the Twenty First Century

by Hemmert; Martin

• ISBN13: 9780415191524
• ISBN10: 0415191521
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-09-18
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

The contributors show that long-awaited changes to technology policy and corporate strategy are now taking place in Japan. They consider institutional structyre and technology policy, organizational and managerial changes, and changes to business-government relations.

Table of Contents

List of figures	x	(2)
List of tables	xii	(2)
List of contributors	xiv	(1)
Foreword	xv	(2)
Acknowledgements	xvii
PART I Introduction	1	(20)
1 The Japanese system of technology and innovation: preparing for the twenty-first century	3	(18)
MARTIN HEMMERT
CHRISTIAN OBERLANDER
Fundamental change, gradual evolution, or stagnation?	3	(2)
Institutional structure and Policy process	5	(4)
Organization, management and business-government relations	9	(7)
Trends at the dawn of the twenty-first century: challenges and perspectives	16	(1)
References	17	(4)
PART II Institutional structure and technology policy	21	(38)
2 Restructuring basic, applied and developmental research: changes in allocation of R&D resources	23	(14)
TOMOHIRO IJICHI
AKIRA GOTO
Introduction	23	(1)
The changing nature of R&D in Japan	24	(7)
Recent government policies to promote basic research	31	(1)
Discussion	32	(3)
Notes	35	(1)
References	36	(1)
3 The interaction between technology and economy: has the `virtuous cycle' of Japan's technological innovation system collapsed?	37	(22)
CHIHIRO WATANABE
MARTIN HEMMERT
Introduction	37	(1)
The role of technology in Japan's economic development	38	(4)
The contribution of the institutional environment and of science and technology policy	42	(8)
The paradigm change in Japan's industrial technology	50	(4)
Summary and implications: Japan's technology innovation system at the crossroads	54	(1)
Notes	55	(1)
References	55	(4)
PART III Organization, management and business-government relations	59	(112)
4 Higher education in Japan from the perspective of R&D	61	(9)
SHINICHI YAMAMOTO
Introduction	61	(1)
Brief history of the Japanese higher education system after the Second World War	62	(2)
The relation between research and teaching	64	(2)
Improvement of research bases and organizational structures	66	(2)
Concluding remarks: the change of orientation of the higher education system	68	(1)
References	69	(1)
5 Internationalizing Japanese science	70	(17)
BRENDAN BARKER
Introduction	70	(1)
The current status of Japanese science	71	(4)
Weaknesses in the Japanese research system	75	(3)
Improving the quality of Japanese science	78	(4)
Promoting the internationalization of Japanese science	82	(2)
Conclusion	84	(1)
References	85	(2)
6 Organizational innovation in Japanese basic research: from bureaucracy to dynamic network	87	(28)
KEN KUSUNOKI
Introduction: problems and challenges in Japanese basic research organizations	87	(2)
Research method	89	(3)
Bureaucratic organization versus dynamic network organization: overall description of managerial characteristics in ERATO and MITI-L	92	(7)
Professional communication and performance	99	(10)
Implications	109	(3)
Appendix	112	(1)
References	112	(3)
7 The Japanese business system for creation and diffusion of technological knowledge: time for change?	115	(14)
HIROYUKI ODAGIRI
Introduction: the nature of technology	115	(1)
The development of technological capabilities in Japan	116	(2)
Technology and the business system	118	(3)
Estimated intra- and inter-industry spillovers	121	(2)
Time for change?	123	(3)
Notes	126	(1)
References	126	(3)
8 Reorganization of R&D in Japanese manufacturing firms: preserving competitiveness for the twenty-first century	129	(22)
MARTIN HEMMERT
Introduction: challenges for Japanese industrial R&D in the 1990s	129	(2)
Quantitative analysis: Japanese industrial R&D in the 1990s	131	(4)
R&D reorganization strategies of Japanese manufacturing firms in the 1990s	135	(10)
Conclusions and implications	145	(2)
Notes	147	(1)
References	148	(3)
9 Collaborative research in Japan and the West: a case study of Britain's response to MITI's Fifth Generation Computer Initiative	151	(20)
TIM RAY
Introduction	151	(3)
Some differences between Japanese and British knowledge creating systems	154	(4)
The changing role of MITI's computer RAs	158	(2)
A new era for Japanese science policy	160	(1)
Britain's response: the Alvey Program	161	(2)
Why collaborate?	163	(1)
Conclusion	164	(2)
Notes	166	(1)
References	167	(4)
PART IV Major fields of science and technology	171	(77)
10 R&D in Japan's pharmaceutical industry: the biological revolution, gene therapy and public policy	173	(21)
CHRISTIAN OBERLANDER
Introduction	173	(1)
Japan's pharmaceutical R&D and MHW's research promotion policy	173	(9)
Gene therapy--future or end for Japan's pharmaceutical industry?	182	(7)
R&D policy for the drugs of the twenty-first century?	189	(2)
References	191	(3)
11 R&D consortia in the 1990s: national competitiveness and international cooperation in the case of semiconductors	194	(20)
KOKI INOUE
Introduction	194	(1)
Japanese chip makers' R&D restructuring	195	(4)
Rebirth of R&D consortia--private and public	199	(9)
The case for international coordination	208	(2)
Conclusions and some implications: the case of semiconductors and beyond	210	(1)
Notes	211	(1)
References	211	(1)
Further reading	212	(2)
12 Japanese nanotechnology	214	(16)
TANYA SIENKO
Introduction	214	(1)
Science policy organizations and research plans	215	(1)
Japan's `plans' for nanotechnology	216	(9)
Conclusion: future prospects and final hurdles	225	(3)
Notes	228	(1)
References	228	(2)
13 Japanese R&D activities in advanced materials: the case of superconductivity research	230	(18)
MICHAEL BECHT
Introduction	230	(1)
Advanced materials: classification and applications	230	(2)
Japanese research projects and market size in advanced materials	232	(3)
Japanese research activities and market potential in ceramic high-temperature superconducting materials	235	(3)
The International Superconductivity Research Laboratory (ISTEC): a case study in Japanese superconductivity research	238	(7)
Summary	245	(1)
Notes	246	(1)
References	246	(2)
Index	248