Telecommunications

by Hioki, Warren

• ISBN13: 9780136320432
• ISBN10: 0136320430
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This introduction to the technical aspects of state-of-the-art telecommunications and data communications explores fundamental principles in a simplified, yet comprehensive and practical manner. Using exceptionally easy-to-read explanations and an abundance of drawings, tables, and charts, it explains both concepts and their applications.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xix
1 INTRODUCTION TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS	1	(8)
1.1 Role of the Communication System	1	(1)
1.2 What Is Telecommunications?	2	(2)
1.3 The Data Communication System	4	(1)
1.4 Future Trends in Telecommunications	5	(2)
1.4.1 The 1996 Telecommunications Reform Act	6	(1)
Problems	7	(2)
2 NOISE	9	(12)
2.1 Effects of Noise	9	(1)
2.2 Noise Measurements	9	(5)
2.2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio	10	(1)
2.2.2 Noise Factor and Noise Figure	11	(2)
2.2.3 Bit Error Rate	13	(1)
2.2.4 Channel Capacity	13	(1)
2.3 Noise Types	14	(5)
2.3.1 Atmospheric and Extraterrestrial Noise	14	(1)
2.3.1.1 Lightning	14	(1)
2.3.1.2 Solar noise	14	(1)
2.3.1.3 Cosmic noise	15	(1)
2.3.2 Gaussian Noise	15	(2)
2.3.2.1 Thermal noise	15	(2)
2.3.2.2 Shot noise	17	(1)
2.3.3 Crosstalk	17	(2)
2.3.4 Impulse Noise	19	(1)
Problems	19	(2)
3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION	21	(28)
3.1 Defining AM	21	(1)
3.2 Generating the AM Waveform	21	(4)
3.3 Analysis of the AM Wave	25	(4)
3.3.1 Modulation Index	26	(1)
3.3.2 Envelope of the AM Waveform	27	(2)
3.4 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Wave	29	(2)
3.5 Power Distribution in the AM Waveform	31	(4)
3.5.1 Power Distribution in the AM Wave for 100% Modulation	33	(2)
3.6 Amplitude Modulation with Signals Other Than a Sine Wave	35	(1)
3.7 Single Sideband	36	(7)
3.7.1 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier	36	(1)
3.7.2 The Balanced Modulator	37	(4)
3.7.2.1 Balanced ring modulator	37	(2)
3.7.2.2 Other balanced modulator circuits	39	(2)
3.7.3 SSB Generation	41	(2)
3.7.3.1 Filtering the SSB LSB or USB	41	(2)
3.8 Vestigial Sideband	43	(3)
Problems	46	(3)
4 FREQUENCY MODULATION	49	(26)
4.1 Angle Modulation	49	(2)
4.2 Modulation Index	51	(1)
4.3 Frequency Analysis of the FM Wave	51	(10)
4.3.1 Carrier Frequency Eigenvalues	56	(1)
4.3.2 Bandwidth Requirements for FM	57	(4)
4.3.2.1 Carson's rule	57	(2)
4.3.2.2 Broadcast FM	59	(2)
4.3.2.3 Narrowband FM	61	(1)
4.4 Power in the FM Wave	61	(2)
4.5 FM Noise	63	(4)
4.5.1 Phasor Analysis of FM Noise	63	(3)
4.5.2 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis	66	(1)
4.6 FM Generation	67	(6)
4.6.1 Varactor-Tuned Modulators	68	(2)
4.6.2 Reactance Modulator	70	(1)
4.6.3 Indirect FM Using the Armstrong Method	70	(3)
Problems	73	(2)
5 PULSE MODULATION AND ENCODING TECHNIQUES	75	(28)
5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Pulse Modulation	75	(1)
5.2 Pulse-Code Modulation	76	(9)
5.2.1 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation	77	(2)
5.2.2 Regenerative Repeater	79	(1)
5.2.3 Distortion in a PCM Signal	80	(1)
5.2.4 Voice Compression in a PCM System	81	(3)
5.2.5 The Codec	84	(1)
5.3 Pulse-Width Modulation	85	(1)
5.4 Pulse-Position Modulation	85	(1)
5.5 Delta Modulation	86	(4)
5.6 Encoding Techniques	90	(3)
5.6.1 Unipolar Versus Bipolar Encoding	92	(1)
5.6.2 Nonreturn-to-Zero	92	(1)
5.6.3 Nonreturn-to-Zero Invert	92	(1)
5.6.4 Return-to-Zero	92	(1)
5.6.5 Self-Clocking Codes	93	(1)
5.6.5.1 Manchester encoding	93	(1)
5.6.5.2 Differential Manchester encoding	93	(1)
5.6.5.3 Miller encoding	93	(1)
5.7 The Phase-Locked Loop	93	(7)
5.7.1 PLL Theory of Operation	93	(5)
5.7.1.1 A PLL mechanical analogy	95	(3)
5.7.2 Frequency Synthesizer	98	(2)
Problems	100	(3)
6 TRANSMISSION CODES	103	(26)
6.1 Binary-Coded Decimal	103	(2)
6.1.1 BCD Addition	104	(1)
6.2 Excess-3 Code	105	(1)
6.3 Gray Code	106	(2)
6.4 Morse Code	108	(1)
6.5 Baudot	109	(3)
6.6 EBCDIC	112	(1)
6.7 ASCII	112	(5)
6.7.1 ASCII Control Characters	115	(2)
6.7.1.1 Device control	115	(1)
6.7.1.2 Format effectors	115	(1)
6.7.1.3 Information separators	116	(1)
6.7.1.4 Transmission control	116	(1)
6.7.1.5 Other ASCII control characters	116	(1)
6.8 Bar Codes	117	(10)
6.8.1 What Is Bar Code?	117	(3)
6.8.2 Bar Code Formats	120	(1)
6.8.3 Code 39	120	(1)
6.8.4 Universal Product Code	121	(6)
Problems	127	(2)
7 TERMINALS	129	(26)
7.1 Terminal Classifications	129	(4)
7.1.1 Dumb Terminals	130	(1)
7.1.2 Smart Terminals	130	(1)
7.1.3 Intelligent Terminals	130	(2)
7.1.4 Network Computer (NC) Terminals	132	(1)
7.2 Ergonomics	133	(1)
7.3 The ASCII Terminal	134	(10)
7.3.1 Alphanumeric Display	135	(1)
7.3.2 Screen Capacity	136	(1)
7.3.3 Keyboard Layout	136	(1)
7.3.4 Function Keys	137	(1)
7.3.5 Special Function Keys	137	(2)
7.3.6 Editing Keypad	139	(1)
7.3.7 Numeric Keypad	139	(1)
7.3.8 Baud Rate Selection	139	(2)
7.3.9 Parity	141	(1)
7.3.10 Transmission Modes	142	(2)
7.3.10.1 Character mode	142	(1)
7.3.10.2 Block mode	143	(1)
7.4 Using the Control (CTRL) Key	144	(1)
7.5 Escape Sequences	145	(2)
7.6 Terminal Interfaces	147	(5)
7.6.1 RS-232 Interface	148	(1)
7.6.2 RS-449, RS-422-A, and RS-423-A Interface	148	(1)
7.6.3 Ethernet Interface	148	(1)
7.6.4 Current Loop Interface	148	(1)
7.6.5 IEEE-488 Interface Bus	149	(3)
Problems	152	(3)
8 SERIAL INTERFACES	155	(42)
8.1 Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Serial Transmission	155	(5)
8.1.1 Asynchronous Serial Link Protocol	156	(1)
8.1.2 Synchronous Serial Link Protocol	156	(2)
8.1.3 Protocol Efficiency	158	(2)
8.2 Development of the Modem	160	(1)
8.3 A Need for Standardization	161	(1)
8.4 EIA RS-232 Interface Standard	162	(10)
8.4.1 Electrical Signal Specification	162	(2)
8.4.2 Noise Margin and Noise Immunity	164	(1)
8.4.3 An Asynchronous RS-232 Transmitted Character	165	(1)
8.4.4 Mechanical Specification	166	(1)
8.4.5 Functional Specification	167	(1)
8.4.6 Functional Definition	167	(5)
8.5 Interfacing DTE to DCE	172	(3)
8.5.1 A Complete RS-232 Interface	173	(2)
8.5.2 RS-232 9-Pin Serial Port Connector	175	(1)
8.6 Handshaking	175	(2)
8.7 RS-232 Interface to Devices Other Than a Modem	177	(1)
8.8 EIA RS-449, RS-422-A, and RS-423-A	177	(15)
8.8.1 Improving the Old Standard	177	(5)
8.8.2 EIA Objectives in Setting the New Standards	182	(1)
8.8.3 RS-449 Interchange Circuits	182	(3)
8.8.3.1 Category I and Category II circuits	182	(2)
8.8.3.2 RS-449 functional specification for new circuits	184	(1)
8.8.4 EIA RS-449 Mechanical Specification	185	(2)
8.8.4.1 EIA RS-449 cable length	185	(2)
8.8.5 EIA RS-422-A and RS-423-A: Balanced Versus Unbalanced Circuits	187	(2)
8.8.6 RS-422-A and RS-423-A Common-Mode Rejection	189	(2)
8.8.7 RS-422-A and RS-423-A Voltage Specification	191	(1)
8.8.8 RS-485	192	(1)
8.9 Twenty- and Sixty-Milliampere Current Loop Standards	192	(3)
Problems	195	(2)
9 THE UART	197	(20)
9.1 UART Interface	197	(1)
9.2 UART Receiver Section	198	(10)
9.2.1 Double Buffering the UART Receiver	199	(1)
9.2.2 Composite Serial Character	199	(2)
9.2.3 Receiver Timing	201	(1)
9.2.4 Start Bit Detection	201	(1)
9.2.5 Receiver Sample Clock Generation	202	(3)
9.2.6 False Start Bit Detection	205	(1)
9.2.7 Flowcharting the Operation of the Receiver	206	(2)
9.3 UART Transmitter Section	208	(7)
9.3.1 Transmitter Composite Character	208	(2)
9.3.2 Transmit Shift Clock Generation	210	(1)
9.3.3 Transmitter Timing	211	(1)
9.3.4 Implementing the Transmit Hold and Shift Registers	211	(2)
9.3.5 Inserting Parity	213	(2)
Problems	215	(2)
10 THE UART INTERFACE	217	(24)
10.1 Interfacing the USART	217	(5)
10.1.1 Level Translation	217	(2)
10.1.2 RS-232 Interface to a Terminal	219	(1)
10.1.3 USART Transmit and Receive Clock	220	(1)
10.1.4 Addressing the USART	220	(2)
10.2 8251A Block Diagram and Pin Configuration	222	(2)
10.3 Initializing the 8251A USART for Communication	224	(4)
10.3.1 Mode Instruction Definition for Asynchronous Communication	226	(1)
10.3.2 Mode Instruction Definition for Synchronous Communication	226	(1)
10.3.3 Command Instruction Definition	227	(1)
10.3.4 Status Read Definition	228	(1)
10.4 Asynchronous 4800-Baud Communication Program for the 8251A USART	228	(3)
10.4.1 Program Task	228	(1)
10.4.2 Mode Word Format	229	(1)
10.4.3 Command Word Format	230	(1)
10.4.4 Status Word Format	230	(1)
10.5 Error Detection: PE, OE, and FE	231	(3)
10.5.1 PE: Parity Error	231	(2)
10.5.2 OE: Overrun Error	233	(1)
10.5.3 FE: Framing Error	234	(1)
10.6 Introduction to the 16550A High-Speed UART	234	(6)
10.6.1 The 16550A UART Features	235	(5)
Problems	240	(1)
11 THE TELEPHONE SET AND SUBSCRIBER LOOP INTERFACE	241	(30)
11.1 Basic Functions of the Telephone Set	241	(5)
11.1.1 Telephone Transmitter	242	(1)
11.1.2 Telephone Receiver	243	(1)
11.1.3 Telephone Ringer	244	(1)
11.1.4 Telephone Hybrid	244	(2)
11.1.4.1 Sidetone	245	(1)
11.2 Rotary Dialing with the Bell 500 Type Telephone	246	(3)
11.2.1 Telephone Gain Control	248	(1)
11.3 Electronic Pulse Dialing Telephone	249	(1)
11.4 Dual-Tone Multifrequency	249	(2)
11.5 The Local Loop	251	(11)
11.5.1 A Need for Centralized Switching	251	(5)
11.5.2 The Local Feeder Network	256	(2)
11.5.3 Operating Specifications and Call Procedures	258	(1)
11.5.4 Call Progress Tones	259	(1)
11.5.5 Caller ID	260	(2)
11.5.5.1 Caller ID theory of operation	260	(2)
11.6 Line Characteristics	262	(4)
11.6.1 Bandwidth Constraints	262	(1)
11.6.2 Loop Resistance	263	(1)
11.6.3 The Private Line	264	(2)
11.7 Line Conditioning	266	(3)
11.7.1 3002 Unconditioned Voice-Grade Lines	266	(1)
11.7.2 Conditioning the Private Line	267	(2)
11.7.2.1 C- and D-type line conditioning	268	(1)
11.7.3 Equalization	269	(1)
Problems	269	(2)
12 THE TELEPHONE NETWORK	271	(48)
12.1 The Public Switched Telephone Network	271	(12)
12.1.1 Switching Hierarchy of North America	273	(1)
12.1.2 Two-Wire Versus Four-Wire Circuit	273	(4)
12.1.3 Hybrids	277	(1)
12.1.4 Echo Suppressors and Echo Cancellers	277	(2)
12.1.5 Analog Companding	279	(4)
12.2 Transmission Media for Trunks	283	(10)
12.2.1 Open-Wire Pairs	283	(1)
12.2.2 Twisted-Pair Wires	283	(1)
12.2.3 Coaxial Cable	283	(1)
12.2.3.1 The Bell System's L5 coaxial carrier	284	(1)
12.2.4 Microwave Links	284	(3)
12.2.5 Submarine Cables	287	(1)
12.2.6 Satellite Communications	288	(5)
12.3 Central Office Switching Systems	293	(10)
12.3.1 Step-by-Step Switching	293	(2)
12.3.2 Crossbar Switch	295	(3)
12.3.2.1 Blocking	297	(1)
12.3.3 Electronic Switching System	298	(5)
12.3.3.1 No. 1 ESS	298	(3)
12.3.3.2 No. 2 ESS	301	(1)
12.3.3.3 No. 3 ESS	301	(1)
12.3.3.4 No. 4 ESS	301	(1)
12.3.3.5 No. 5 ESS	301	(2)
12.4 Multiplexing	303	(7)
12.4.1 Space-Division Multiplexing	304	(1)
12.4.2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing	304	(4)
12.4.2.1 Hierarchy of the Bell System's FDM groups	304	(4)
12.4.3 Time-Division Multiplexing	308	(2)
12.5 North American Digital Multiplex Hierarchy	310	(7)
12.5.1 The Bell System's T1 Carrier	310	(3)
12.5.2 Digital Channel Banks	313	(1)
12.5.3 Pulse Train for the T1 Carrier	313	(2)
12.5.4 B8ZS Coding	315	(2)
Problems	317	(2)
13 MODEMS	319	(40)
13.1 Modem Features	319	(2)
13.2 Interface Techniques	321	(2)
13.2.1 Acoustically Coupled Modems	321	(1)
13.2.2 Direct-Connect Modems	322	(1)
13.3 Modulation Techniques	323	(2)
13.4 Modem Transmission Modes	325	(1)
13.5 The Bell Family of Modems	326	(7)
13.5.1 Bell 103/113 Modem	326	(1)
13.5.2 Bell 202 Modem	327	(2)
13.5.2.1 Pseudo full-duplex operation	328	(1)
13.5.2.2 Disabling the echo suppressors	329	(1)
13.5.3 Bell 212A Modem	329	(2)
13.5.3.1 M-ary	329	(2)
13.5.3.2 Baud rate versus bit rate	331	(1)
13.5.4 Bell 201 B/C Modem	331	(1)
13.5.5 Bell 208A and 208B Modems	332	(1)
13.5.6 Bell 209A Modem	332	(1)
13.6 ITU-TS Modems and Recommendations	333	(7)
13.6.1 ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.22bis	333	(2)
13.6.2 ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.29	335	(1)
13.6.3 ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.32	336	(1)
13.6.3.1 Echo cancellation	336	(1)
13.6.4 ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.32bis and V.32 terbo	337	(1)
13.6.5 ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.33	338	(1)
13.6.6 ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.42	338	(1)
13.6.7 ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.42bis	339	(1)
13.6.8 ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.34 (V.fast)	339	(1)
13.6.9 ITU-TS Modem Recommendation V.34 +	340	(1)
13.7 ISDN Modem	340	(2)
13.8 Cable Modem	342	(1)
13.9 Analog Loopback Test	343	(1)
13.10 Digital Loopback Test	344	(1)
13.11 Modem Synchronization	344	(2)
13.12 Scrambling and Descrambling	346	(1)
13.13 Modem File Transfer Protocols	346	(6)
13.13.1 Xmodem	347	(1)
13.13.2 1K-Xmodem	348	(1)
13.13.3 1K-Xmodem/G	348	(1)
13.13.4 Ymodem	348	(1)
13.13.5 Ymodem/G	348	(1)
13.13.6 Zmodem	348	(1)
13.13.7 Kermit	349	(1)
13.13.8 Microcom Networking Protocol	349	(3)
13.13.9 Link Access Procedure	352	(1)
13.14 Improving Modem Performance	352	(1)
13.15 Modem Error Control	352	(1)
13.16 Throughput	353	(1)
13.17 Data Compression	354	(4)
13.17.1 Huffman Encoding	356	(2)
Problems	358	(1)
14 SYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS	359	(30)
14.1 Standards Organization for Data Communications	359	(1)
14.2 ISO-Open Systems Interconnect Seven-Layer Model	360	(2)
14.3 Bit-Oriented Protocols Versus Byte-Oriented Protocols	362	(1)
14.4 BISYNC	363	(9)
14.4.1 BISYNC Message Block Format	364	(1)
14.4.2 Transparent Text Mode	365	(1)
14.4.3 BISYNC Point-to-Point Line Control	366	(3)
14.4.3.1 Handshaking blocks of data	366	(1)
14.4.3.2 Encountering a BCC error	367	(1)
14.4.3.3 A time-out error	368	(1)
14.4.4 BISYNC Multipoint Line Control	369	(3)
14.4.4.1 Device polling and selecting	370	(1)
14.4.4.2 BISYNC multipoint communications between host computer and several terminals	370	(2)
14.5 Telecommunications Switching Facilities	372	(4)
14.5.1 Circuit Switching	372	(1)
14.5.2 Message Switching	373	(1)
14.5.3 Packet Switching	374	(2)
14.6 High-Level Data Link Control	376	(11)
14.6.1 HDLC Frame Format	376	(6)
14.6.1.1 Flag byte and bit order of transmission	377	(1)
14.6.1.2 Address byte	377	(1)
14.6.1.3 Control byte	378	(4)
14.6.1.4 Information field	382	(1)
14.6.1.5 Frame check sequence	382	(1)
14.6.2 Zero-Bit Insertion and Deletion	382	(2)
14.6.3 HDLC Abort and Idle Condition	384	(1)
14.6.4 Control and Information Exchange	385	(2)
Problems	387	(2)
15 LOCAL AREA NETWORKS	389	(66)
15.1 The Local Area Network	389	(1)
15.2 LAN Topology	390	(6)
15.2.1 The Star	392	(1)
15.2.2 The Bus	393	(1)
15.2.3 The Ring	394	(1)
15.2.4 Star-Wired Ring	395	(1)
15.3 Channel Access	396	(9)
15.3.1 Polling	398	(1)
15.3.2 Contention	398	(5)
15.3.2.1 Aloha	398	(1)
15.3.2.2 Slotted Aloha	399	(1)
15.3.2.3 Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection	400	(3)
15.3.3 Token Ring Passing	403	(2)
15.3.3.1 Slotted ring	403	(2)
15.3.3.2 Token on a bus	405	(1)
15.4 LAN Transmission Media	405	(10)
15.4.1 LAN Cabling Standards	406	(2)
15.4.2 Twisted-Pair Wire	408	(3)
15.4.2.1 Token ring UTP and STP cabling	411	(1)
15.4.3 Coaxial Cable	411	(3)
15.4.4 Fiber-Optic Cable	414	(1)
15.4.5 Wireless	414	(1)
15.5 LAN Connectors	415	(4)
15.5.1 UTP Connectors	415	(1)
15.5.2 STP Connectors	415	(1)
15.5.3 Coaxial Cable Connectors	416	(2)
15.5.4 D-Type Connector	418	(1)
15.5.5 Fiber-Optic Connectors	419	(1)
15.6 Baseband Versus Broad-Band Transmission	419	(2)
15.6.1 Baseband	419	(1)
15.6.2 Broad-band	420	(1)
15.7 Ethernet	421	(12)
15.7.1 Ethernet Specification	421	(1)
15.7.2 The Ethernet Segment	422	(1)
15.7.3 The Ethernet Repeater	423	(2)
15.7.4 The Ethernet Transceiver Cable	425	(1)
15.7.5 The H4000 Ethernet Transceiver	425	(5)
15.7.5.1 H4000 transceiver physical construction	426	(2)
15.7.5.2 H4000 transceiver circuit	428	(2)
15.7.6 The Ethernet Controller	430	(3)
15.7.6.1 Data encapsulation/decapsulation	430	(2)
15.7.6.2 Access control	432	(1)
15.7.6.3 Manchester encoding/decoding	432	(1)
15.8 IEEE 802.3 10Base5 (Thicknet) Specification	433	(1)
15.9 IEEE 802.3a 10Base2 Specification	433	(1)
15.10 IEEE 802.3i 10BaseT Specification	434	(2)
15.11 Introduction to Token Ring	436	(10)
15.11.1 Token Ring History	436	(2)
15.11.2 Token Ring Architecture	438	(1)
15.11.3 Token Ring Principle	439	(1)
15.11.4 Differential Manchester Encoding	440	(2)
15.11.5 Token Structure	442	(3)
15.11.5.1 The starting delimiter byte	442	(1)
15.11.5.2 The J and K code violation bits	443	(1)
15.11.5.3 The ending delimiter byte	444	(1)
15.11.5.4 The access control byte	444	(1)
15.11.6 Dataframe Structure	445	(1)
15.12 The LAN Environment	446	(3)
15.12.1 The LAN Server	446	(1)
15.12.2 The LAN Client	447	(1)
15.12.3 Client/Server Versus Peer-to-Peer Networking	448	(1)
15.13 Internetworking the LAN	449	(3)
15.13.1 The Repeater	451	(1)
15.13.2 The Bridge	451	(1)
15.13.3 The Router	452	(1)
15.13.4 The Gateway	452	(1)
Problems	452	(3)
16 THE INTERNET AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES	455	(42)
16.1 Introduction to the Internet	455	(1)
16.2 The Evolution of the Internet	456	(3)
16.3 Internet Search Tools	459	(2)
16.4 Domain Name System	461	(2)
16.5 Electronic Mail	463	(1)
16.6 The World Wide Web	464	(8)
16.6.1 Navigating the World Wide Web	464	(1)
16.6.2 Web Browsers	465	(2)
16.6.3 The Web Page	467	(2)
16.6.3.1 Uniform Resource Locator	467	(2)
16.6.4 Web Search Engines	469	(3)
16.7 Connecting to the Internet	472	(1)
16.8 Introduction to TCP/IP	472	(5)
16.8.1 TCP/IP Layering	473	(3)
16.8.2 Request for Comments	476	(1)
16.9 Intranets	477	(1)
16.9.1 Common Uses of the Intranet	477	(1)
16.9.2 Firewalls	478	(1)
16.10 Emerging Technologies	478	(16)
16.10.1 ATM	479	(4)
16.10.1.1 The ATM network	479	(2)
16.10.1.2 The ATM cell header	481	(1)
16.10.1.3 The ATM information field	482	(1)
16.10.1.4 The future of ATM	483	(1)
16.10.2 ISDN	483	(4)
16.10.2.1 Architectural overview	483	(1)
16.10.2.2 Equipping subscriber loops with ISDN	484	(1)
16.10.2.3 BRI versus PRI	484	(2)
16.10.2.4 ISDN customer premises	486	(1)
16.10.2.5 Broad-band ISDN	487	(1)
16.10.3 SONET	487	(3)
16.10.3.1 SONET signal hierarchy and line rates	488	(1)
16.10.3.2 The SONET frame format	488	(2)
16.10.3.3 STS-1 payload	490	(1)
16.10.3.4 SONET multiplexing	490	(1)
16.10.4 Fiber Distributed Data Interface	490	(2)
16.10.5 Fibre Channel	492	(1)
16.10.6 Frame Relay	492	(1)
16.10.7 Switched Multimegabit Data Service	493	(1)
Problems	494	(3)
17 ERROR DETECTION, CORRECTION, AND CONTROL	497	(22)
17.1 Parity	497	(1)
17.2 Parity Generating and Checking Circuits	498	(1)
17.3 The Disadvantage with Parity	499	(1)
17.4 Vertical and Longitudinal Redundancy Check	500	(1)
17.5 Cyclic Redundancy Checking	501	(6)
17.5.1 Computing the Block Check Character	502	(5)
17.6 Checksums	507	(3)
17.6.1 Single-Precision Checksum	507	(1)
17.6.2 Double-Precision Checksum	508	(1)
17.6.3 Honeywell Checksum	509	(1)
17.6.4 Residue Checksum	509	(1)
17.7 Error Correction	510	(6)
17.7.1 Hamming Code	510	(6)
17.7.1.1 Developing a Hamming code	511	(3)
17.7.1.2 An alternative method	514	(2)
Problems	516	(3)
18 FIBER OPTICS	519	(48)
18.1 History of Fiber Optics	519	(3)
18.1.1 Milestones in Fiber Optics	521	(1)
18.2 Advantages of Fiber-Optic Systems	522	(1)
18.3 Disadvantages of Fiber-Optic Systems	523	(1)
18.4 A Typical Fiber-Optic Telecommunications System	523	(1)
18.5 Theory of Light	524	(15)
18.5.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum	526	(2)
18.5.2 Speed of Light	528	(1)
18.5.3 Snell's Law	528	(3)
18.5.4 Total Internal Reflection	531	(4)
18.5.5 Propagation Modes and Classifications of Fiber	535	(4)
18.5.5.1 Multimode step-index fiber	537	(1)
18.5.5.2 Single-mode step-index fiber	538	(1)
18.5.5.3 Multimode graded-index fiber	538	(1)
18.6 Fiber-Optic Cable Construction	539	(2)
18.6.1 Strength and Protection	540	(1)
18.7 Attenuation Losses in Optical Fibers	541	(5)
18.7.1 Absorption Loss	541	(2)
18.7.2 Rayleigh Scattering	543	(2)
18.7.3 Radiation Losses	545	(1)
18.8 Numerical Aperture	546	(2)
18.9 Fiber-Optic Connections	548	(7)
18.9.1 Splice Connection	548	(2)
18.9.1.1 Fiber preparation	548	(1)
18.9.1.2 Mechanical splice	549	(1)
18.9.1.3 V-groove splice	549	(1)
18.9.1.4 Tube splice	549	(1)
18.9.2 Fusion Splice	550	(1)
18.9.3 Connectors	551	(1)
18.9.4 Insertion Losses for Connectors and Splices	552	(3)
18.9.4.1 Mechanical offsets	554	(1)
18.9.4.2 Losses due to reflections	554	(1)
18.10 Light-Emitting Devices	555	(5)
18.10.1 LED Versus ILD	556	(1)
18.10.2 Light-Emitting Diode	556	(3)
18.10.3 Injection Laser Diode	559	(1)
18.11 Light-Receiving Devices	560	(3)
18.11.1 Receiver Sensitivity	561	(1)
18.11.2 PIN Photodiode	561	(1)
18.11.3 Avalanche Photodiode	562	(1)
18.12 A Low-Cost Fiber-Optic Link	563	(1)
Problems	563	(4)
19 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS	567	(28)
19.1 Personal Communications Services	567	(2)
19.2 Cellular Telephony	569	(2)
19.2.1 Theory of Operation	570	(1)
19.3 Mobile Telephony	571	(1)
19.4 The Cordless Telephone	572	(4)
19.4.1 Cordless Telephone Frequencies	573	(3)
19.4.2 Cordless Telephone Operation	576	(1)
19.5 Pagers	576	(7)
19.5.1 Pager History	577	(1)
19.5.2 Types of Pagers	578	(2)
19.5.3 Pager Operation	580	(3)
19.5.4 Pager Service Providers	583	(1)
19.5.5 Pager Frequencies	583	(1)
19.6 The Wireless LAN	583	(10)
19.6.1 RF-Based LANs	584	(2)
19.6.2 Spread-Spectrum Technology	586	(4)
19.6.2.1 Frequency hopping spread spectrum	587	(1)
19.6.2.2 Direct sequence spread spectrum	588	(2)
19.6.3 IR Wireless LANs	590	(3)
19.6.3.1 The diffused IR LAN	590	(1)
19.6.3.2 The point-to-point IR LAN	591	(2)
Problems	593	(2)
GLOSSARY	595	(21)
ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS	616	(17)
REFERENCES	633	(4)
INDEX	637