Terrorism and Counterterrorism

by Nacos; Brigitte L.

• ISBN13: 9780205005802
• ISBN10: 0205005802
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-02-10
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Focusing on the phenomenon of terrorism in the post-9/11 era, Terrorism and Counterterrorisminvestigates this form of political violence in an international and American context and in light of new and historical trends.#xA0; In this comprehensive and highly readable#xA0;book, Brigitte Nacos, a renowned expert in the field, clearly defines terrorism#x19;s diverse causes, actors, and strategies, outlines anti- and counter-terrorist responses, and highlights terrorism#x19;s relationship with the media and the public.

Author Biography

Brigitte Nacos teaches political science at Columbia University and is a long-time U.S. correspondent for newspapers in Germany.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
About the Author	p. xiv
Introduction: The Terrorist Threat	p. 1
Terrorism Trends Over the Last Three Decades	p. 5
Terrorism	p. 15
The Perennial Debate: What Is Terrorism?	p. 17
The Meaning of Terrorism Over Time	p. 19
The Definitional Potpourri	p. 20
Obama Administration: Downplaying the ôTö Word	p. 28
Is Terrorism Ever Justified?	p. 28
State Terror(ism) and State-Sponsored Terrorism	p. 30
State Sponsors of Terrorism	p. 31
The Meaning of Terrorism in This Volume	p. 32
Terrorism in the Global Context	p. 35
Different Types of Groups	p. 36
The Roots of Modern Terrorism	p. 37
The Post-World War II Wave	p. 39
1968: The Advent of Modem-Day Terrorism	p. 41
IRA and ETA: Groups That Transcend the Average Life Span of Terrorist Groups	p. 42
The Decline of Left-Wing Terrorism	p. 44
The Rise of Catastrophic Terrorism	p. 45
Unrestrained Terrorism and Counterterrorism after the Cold War	p. 46
The Old and New Terrorism in the Post-Cold War Era	p. 47
Modernization, Globalization, and the Proliferation of Religious Violence	p. 48
Technological Advances and Global Communication	p. 52
Terrorism in the American Context	p. 55
Right-Wing Terrorism	p. 55
The Ku Klux Klan	p. 56
Christian Identity and Neo-Nazi Groups	p. 59
The Patriot and Militia Movement	p. 62
The Surge of the Black Supremacist Movement	p. 65
Left-Wing Terrorism	p. 65
The First Anarchists in the United States	p. 65
The Weather Underground	p. 67
The Black Panther Party	p. 68
The Symbionese Liberation Army	p. 69
Single-Issue Terrorism	p. 70
Antiabortion Violence	p. 70
The Animal and Earth Liberation Fronts	p. 71
The Jewish Defense League	p. 73
Puerto Rican Nationalist Groups	p. 73
Ideological Waves	p. 74
Religious Terrorism: Political Violence in the Name of God	p. 79
Defending the Faith in ôCosmic Warsö	p. 83
The Proliferation of Religious Violence	p. 85
Alienation, Humiliation, and Fear	p. 86
The Jihadi Movement and Political Violence	p. 88
Muslims	p. 89
Islamists	p. 89
Salafis and Wahhabis	p. 90
Jihadis	p. 90
Jihadi Ideology	p. 92
Homegrown Jihadis in the West-Including the United States	p. 95
The Making of Terrorists: Causes, Conditions, Influences	p. 102
Terrorism as a Result of Rational Choice	p. 105
Terrorism as a Result of Personal Traits	p. 107
Terrorism as a Result of Social Interaction	p. 108
Gender and Terrorism	p. 109
For the Sake of Love	p. 111
Demonstration of Gender Equality	p. 111
Can Real Women Become Terrorists?	p. 113
Tactical Advantages of Female Terrorists	p. 113
Children as Terrorists	p. 115
The Lack of a Universal Terrorist Profile	p. 116
The Stages Leading to Terrorism	p. 116
The Roots of Terrorism: No Simple Answers	p. 119
From State Sponsors to Involuntary Hosts	p. 123
Former and Current State Sponsors	p. 128
Iraq	p. 128
Libya	p. 129
Sudan	p. 129
Syria	p. 130
The Case of Saudi Arabia	p. 131
When Governments Reconsider Their Support for Terrorism	p. 132
Failed and Failing States and ôBrown Areasö	p. 133
Involuntary Host Countries	p. 134
Common Thread: Goals, Targets, Tactics	p. 136
Do Terrorists Achieve Their Goals?	p. 137
The Selection of Targets	p. 138
Terrorist Methods: From Primitive Bombs to WMD	p. 140
Most Common Methods of Terrorist Attacks	p. 141
Most Likely CBRN Weapons in the Hands of Terrorists	p. 154
Organizational Structures and the Financing of Terror	p. 160
When Terrorist Groups Decline or End	p. 167
Financing Terrorism	p. 168
Narco-Terrorism or Narco-Funded Terrorism?	p. 170
Counterterrorism	p. 173
Terrorism and America's Post-9/11 National Security Strategy	p. 175
President Bush's National Security Strategy	p. 179
Making the World Safer and Better	p. 180
Preemption Before Threats Become Imminent	p. 180
Unilateral Use of Force	p. 181
President Obama's National Security Strategy	p. 182
The Utility of Hard and Soft Power in Counterterrorism	p. 188
Military Hard Power	p. 191
Military Retaliation/Reprisal	p. 191
Military Preemption	p. 193
Commando Raids	p. 195
Assassinations	p. 196
Hostage Rescue Missions	p. 197
Nonmilitary Hard Power: Economic Sanctions	p. 199
Drying Up Financial Resources	p. 200
Soft Power and Counterterrorism	p. 200
Deterrence	p. 200
Diplomacy	p. 201
Talking to Terrorist Groups	p. 203
Public Diplomacy	p. 205
Conciliation and Peace	p. 207
Balancing Security, Liberty, and Human Rights	p. 211
The Rights of ôEnemy Combatantsö	p. 219
Torture: Leaders and Followers	p. 222
Obama on Torture and Rendition	p. 229
Torture: The Public Debate	p. 230
Homeland Security: Preparedness and Prevention	p. 235
Post-9/11 Reorganization of Homeland Security	p. 238
General and Specific Homeland Security Strategies	p. 243
It's the Intelligence, Stupid	p. 244
Reorganization of the Intelligence Community	p. 248
International Cooperation	p. 251
Congress Resists Change	p. 253
The News Media and the Internet	p. 257
Terrorist Propaganda and the Media	p. 259
Publicity: The Universal Terrorist Goal	p. 262
An Alternative View: Contemporary Terrorists Do Not Need Publicity	p. 263
Terrorism and the Triangle of Communication	p. 264
Media-Related Goals	p. 265
The Attention-Getting Goal	p. 265
The Recognition Goal	p. 266
The Respectability/Legitimacy Goal	p. 269
Bedfellows in a Marriage of Convenience	p. 270
Media and Terrorist Contagion	p. 271
Defending the Media	p. 272
Treason or Public Service?	p. 273
Terror and Hate in Cyberspace	p. 276
Terrorists and the Newest Communication Technologies	p. 279
Propaganda and Hero Worship	p. 281
The Internet as a Tool to Plan and Carry Out Terrorist Operations	p. 286
The Web and the Retrieval of Valuable Information	p. 289
Online Recruitment	p. 289
Fund-Raising via the Net	p. 290
Anti- and Counterterrorism in the News	p. 293
The Media and Military Responses to Terrorism	p. 296
The Bombing of Libya (1986)	p. 296
Bombing of Iraq's Intelligence Headquarters (1993)	p. 297
Missile Strikes in Afghanistan and Sudan (1998)	p. 297
The Post-9/11 War Against Terrorism	p. 298
Military Action Against Al Qaeda and the Taliban (2001)	p. 300
The Invasion of Iraq (2003)	p. 301
The Iraq War: Different News Coverage Abroad	p. 304
Conclusion: Living with Terrorist Threats	p. 307
Appendix: Major Terrorist Incidents Since the Early 1970s	p. 313
Bibliography	p. 323
Index	p. 331
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