Theories of Personality : Understanding Persons

by Cloninger, Susan C., Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780132434096
• ISBN10: 0132434091
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-06-05
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Designed to prepare readers to apply theories of personality to understanding particular individuals who they may encounter in professional work and in their personal lives, this engaging volume provides an overview of major classic and current theories of personality, together with clear explanation of the latest research. It brings the theories to life through the interpretation of illustrative historic and current biographies.This book covers the important theories in personality researchpsychoanalysis, individual psychology, personological trait theory, psychoanalytic learning theory, behaviorism, cognitive social learning theoryas well as the people that pioneered those theoriesFreud, Adler, Allport, Skinner, Staats, Dollard, Miller, Mischel, and Bandura.For anyone who wants a better handle on understanding the people in their professional and personal lives.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. XV
Introduction to Personality Theory	p. 1
Personality: The Study of Individuals	p. 2
Description of Personality	p. 2
Personality Dynamics	p. 5
Personality Development	p. 6
The Scientific Approach	p. 8
Methods in Personality Research	p. 13
One Theory or Many? Eclecticism and the Future of Personality Theory	p. 18
Summary	p. 19
Thinking about Personality Theory	p. 20
Study Questions	p. 21
The Psychoanalytic Perspective	p. 23
Freud: Classical Psychoanalysis	p. 25
Preview: Overview of Freud's Theory	p. 28
The Unconscious	p. 30
Structures of the Personality	p. 37
Intrapsychic Conflict	p. 41
Personality Development	p. 47
Psychoanalytic Treatment	p. 52
Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory	p. 56
Summary	p. 61
Thinking about Freud's Theory	p. 62
Study Questions	p. 62
Jung: Analytical Psychology	p. 63
Preview: Overview of Jung's Theory	p. 66
The Structure of Personality	p. 68
Symbolism and the Collective Unconscious	p. 78
Therapy	p. 81
Synchronicity	p. 83
Psychological Types	p. 84
Summary	p. 90
Thinking about Jung's Theory	p. 91
Study Questions	p. 91
The Psychoanalytic-Social Perspective	p. 93
Adler: Individual Psychology	p. 95
Preview: Overview of Adler's Theory	p. 98
Striving from Inferiority toward Superiority	p. 101
The Unity of Personality	p. 104
The Development of Personality	p. 107
Psychological Health	p. 113
Interventions Based on Adler's Theory	p. 116
Summary	p. 120
Thinking about Adler's Theory	p. 120
Study Questions	p. 121
Erikson: Psychosocial Development	p. 122
Preview: Overview of Erikson's Theory	p. 125
The Epigenetic Principle	p. 128
The Psychosocial Stages	p. 128
The Role of Culture in Relation to the Psychosocial Stages	p. 134
Racial and Ethnic Identity	p. 137
Gender	p. 140
Research on Development through the Psychosocial Stages	p. 142
Toward a Psychoanalytic Social Psychology	p. 146
Summary	p. 147
Thinking about Erikson's Theory	p. 147
Study Questions	p. 148
Horney and Relational Theory: Interpersonal Psychoanalytic Theory	p. 149
Preview: Overview of Interpersonal Psychoanalytic Theory	p. 152
Interpersonal Psychoanalysis: Horney	p. 153
Basic Anxiety and Basic Hostility	p. 155
Three Interpersonal Orientations	p. 156
Major Adjustments to Basic Anxiety	p. 160
Secondary Adjustment Techniques	p. 162
Cultural Determinants of Development	p. 163
Therapy	p. 167
Parental Behavior and Personality Development	p. 168
The Relational Approach within Psychoanalytic Theory	p. 169
The Sense of Self in Relationships	p. 172
Narcissism	p. 173
Attachment in Infancy and Adulthood	p. 174
Parenting	p. 179
Therapy	p. 179
Summary	p. 179
Thinking about Horney's Theory and the Relational Approach	p. 180
Study Questions	p. 181
The Trait Perspective	p. 183
Allport: Personological Trait Theory	p. 185
Preview: Overview of Allport's Theory	p. 187
Major Themes in Allport's Work	p. 190
Allport's Definition of Personality	p. 191
Personality Traits	p. 194
Personality Development	p. 202
Influence of Personality on Social Phenomena	p. 208
Eclecticism	p. 212
Summary	p. 213
Thinking about Allport's Theory	p. 214
Study Questions	p. 214
Cattell's 16 Factors and the Big Five: Factor Analytic Trait Theories	p. 215
Preview: Overview of Factor Analytic Trait Theories	p. 219
Factor Analysis	p. 219
The 16 Factor Theory: Cattell	p. 221
Personality Measurement and the Prediction of Behavior	p. 222
Because Personality Is Complex: A Multivariate Approach	p. 224
Psychological Adjustment	p. 226
Three Types of Traits	p. 227
Predicting Behavior	p. 230
Determinants of Personality: Heredity and Environment	p. 234
The Role of Theory in Cattell's Empirical Approach	p. 235
The Five-Factor Theory: McCrae and Costa	p. 235
Extraversion	p. 237
Agreeableness	p. 238
Neuroticism	p. 238
Conscientiousness	p. 239
Openness	p. 239
More about These Five Factors	p. 240
Summary	p. 242
Thinking about Factor Analytic Trait Theories	p. 243
Study Questions	p. 244
Evolution and Temperament: Biological Theories	p. 245
Preview: Overview of Biological Theories	p. 248
Evolutionary Approaches	p. 248
Emotions	p. 250
Altruism	p. 251
Sexual Behavior	p. 252
Parental Behavior	p. 255
Aggression and Dominance	p. 256
Culture	p. 256
Language and Thought	p. 257
Genetics and Personality	p. 259
Temperament	p. 259
Biological Contributors to Personality	p. 263
The Brain	p. 263
Emotional Arousal	p. 264
Cortical Arousal	p. 265
Biological Factor Theories: Eysenck, Gray, and Others	p. 267
Eysenck's "PEN" Biological Model	p. 267
Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory	p. 271
Cloninger's Tridimensional Model	p. 273
Biological Mechanisms in Context	p. 275
Summary	p. 276
Thinking about Biological Personality Theories	p. 277
Study Questions	p. 277
The Learning Perspective	p. 279
Skinner and Staats: The Challenge of Behaviorism	p. 281
Preview: Overview of Skinner's and Staats's Theories	p. 284
Radical Behaviorism: Skinner	p. 285
Behavior as the Data for Scientific Study	p. 288
Learning Principles	p. 290
Schedules of Reinforcement	p. 293
Applications of Behavioral Techniques	p. 294
Radical Behaviorism and Personality Theory: Some Concerns	p. 296
Psychological Behaviorism: Staats	p. 297
Reinforcement	p. 299
Basic Behavioral Repertoires	p. 300
Situations	p. 305
Psychological Adjustment	p. 306
The Nature-Nurture Question from the Perspective of Psychological Behaviorism	p. 307
Personality Assessment from a Behavioral Perspective	p. 308
The Act Frequency Approach to Personality Measurement	p. 309
Contributions of Behaviorism to Personality Theory and Measurement	p. 310
Summary	p. 310
Thinking about Skinner's Theory	p. 311
Thinking about Staats's Theory	p. 312
Study Questions	p. 312
Dollard and Miller: Psychoanalytic Learning Theory	p. 313
Preview: Overview of Dollard and Miller's Theory	p. 316
Four Fundamental Concepts about Learning	p. 319
The Learning Process	p. 321
Learning by Imitation	p. 322
The Four Critical Training Periods of Childhood	p. 323
Conflict	p. 324
Frustration and Aggression	p. 327
Language	p. 330
Neurosis	p. 331
Psychotherapy	p. 331
Suppression	p. 332
Psychoanalytic Learning Theory Reconsidered	p. 334
Summary	p. 334
Thinking about Dollard and Miller's Theory	p. 335
Study Questions	p. 335
The Cognitive Social Learning Perspective	p. 337
Mischel and Bandura: Cognitive Social Learning Theory	p. 339
Preview: Overview of Mischel's and Bandura's Theories	p. 342
Traits in Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Mischel	p. 342
The Trait Controversy: Mischel's Challenge	p. 343
Cognitive Person Variables	p. 347
Delay of Gratification	p. 350
Performance in Cognitive Social Learning Theory: Bandura	p. 352
Reciprocal Determinism	p. 353
Self-Regulation of Behavior: The Self-System	p. 354
Self-Efficacy	p. 355
Processes Influencing Learning	p. 358
Observational Learning and Modeling	p. 360
Therapy	p. 363
The Person in the Social Environment	p. 365
Summary	p. 366
Thinking about Mischel's and Bandura's Theories	p. 366
Study Questions	p. 367
Kelly: Personal Construct Theory	p. 368
Preview: Overview of Kelly's Theory	p. 372
Constructive Alternativism	p. 374
The Process of Construing	p. 376
The Structure of Construct Systems	p. 379
The Social Embeddedness of Construing Efforts	p. 381
The Role Construct Repertory (REP) Test	p. 382
Cognitive Complexity	p. 384
Personality Change	p. 385
Therapy	p. 387
Research Findings	p. 390
Constructivism, Social Constructionism, and Postmodernism	p. 391
Summary	p. 391
Thinking about Kelly's Theory	p. 392
Study Questions	p. 392
The Humanistic Perspective	p. 395
Rogers: Person-Centered Theory	p. 398
Preview: Overview of Rogers's Theory	p. 401
The Actualizing Tendency	p. 404
The Self	p. 406
Development	p. 407
Therapy	p. 409
Other Applications	p. 416
Criticisms of Rogers's Theory	p. 419
Summary	p. 420
Thinking about Rogers's Theory	p. 420
Study Questions	p. 421
Maslow: Need Hierarchy Theory	p. 422
Preview: Overview of Maslow's Theory	p. 425
Need Hierarchy Theory: Maslow	p. 425
Maslow's Vision of Psychology	p. 428
Hierarchy of Needs	p. 430
Self-Actualization	p. 435
Applications and Implications of Maslow's Theory	p. 443
Maslow's Challenge to Traditional Science	p. 446
Other Growth Themes in Psychological Theory	p. 447
Self-Determination Theory and Intrinsic Motivation	p. 448
Positive Psychology	p. 448
Summary	p. 449
Thinking about Maslow's Theory	p. 450
Study Questions	p. 450
Buddhist Psychology: Lessons from Eastern Culture	p. 451
Preview: Overview of Buddhist Psychology	p. 455
The Relevance of Buddhism for Personality Psychology	p. 455
A Brief History of Buddhism	p. 457
The Buddhist Worldview: The Four Noble Truths	p. 459
Buddhism and Personality Concepts	p. 462
Spiritual Practices	p. 471
Buddhism and Psychotherapy	p. 481
The Importance of the Dialogue, and Some Cautions	p. 484
Summary	p. 486
Thinking about Buddhist Psychology	p. 487
Study Questions	p. 487
Conclusion	p. 488
Contributions of the Theories to Various Topics	p. 489
Choosing or Combining Theories	p. 493
Theories as Metaphors	p. 496
What Lies Ahead?	p. 499
Summary	p. 499
Thinking about Personality Theory	p. 500
Study Questions	p. 500
Glossary	p. 501
References	p. 513
Photo Credits	p. 561
Author Index	p. 563
Subject Index	p. 573
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