"What is sexist oppression?" "What should be done about it?" Organized around these questions, Theorizing Feminisms: A Reader provides an overview of theoretical feminist writing about the quest for gender justice. Incorporating both classic and cutting-edge material, the reader takes into account the full diversity of women, highlighting the effects of race, ethnicity, nationality, class, sexuality, and religion on women's experience.

Elizabeth Hackett is Associate Professor of Women's Studies and Philosophy and Director of the Women's Studies Program at Agnes Scott College Sally Haslanger is Professor of Philosophy at Massachusetts Institute of Technology

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

IX

CONTRIBUTORS

X

INTRODUCTION

XIII

SECTION I BACKGROUND CONCEPTS

Introduction

2

(1)

OPPRESSION

Iris M. Young, "Five Faces of Oppression"

3

(13)

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION

Sally Haslanger, "Gender and Social Construction: Who? What? When? Where? How?"

16

(7)

Susan Wendell, "The Social Construction of Disability"

23

(7)

Trina Grillo, "Anti-Essentialism and Intersectionality: Tools to Dismantle the Master's House"

30

(10)

EPISTEMIC POSITION

Joanna Kadi, "Stupidity 'Deconstructed'"

40

(11)

Patricia Hill Collins, "The Politics of Black Feminist Thought"

51

(11)

Uma Narayan, "Cross-Cultural Connections, Border-Crossings, and 'Death by Culture'"

62

(16)

Linda Alcoff, "The Problem of Speaking for Others"

78

(16)

SECTION II GENERAL APPROACHES TO SEX OPPRESSION

Introduction

94

(3)

THE SAMENESS APPROACH ("HUMANIST FEMINISM")

Theoretical Frames

John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women (Chapter 1)

97

(16)

Sojourner Truth, "Ar' n' t I a Woman?"

113

(1)

Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (Introduction)

114

(10)

Martha C. Nussbaum, "Human Capabilities, Female Human Beings"

124

(16)

Contextual Studies

Susan Schechter, "Social Change on Behalf of Battered Women: Reforming the Criminal Justice System"

140

(10)

Amartya Sen, "More than 100 Million Women Are Missing"

150

(9)

Kimb erlé Crenshaw, "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color"

159

(15)

THE DIFFERENCE APPROACH ("GYNOCENTRIC FEMINISM")

Theoretical Frames

Iris M. Young, "Humanism, Gynocentrism, and Feminist Politics"

174

(13)

Jane Addams, "Women and Public Housekeeping"

187

(1)

Audre Lorde, "Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power"

188

(4)

Paula Gunn Allen, "Who Is Your Mother? Red Roots of White Feminism"

192

(8)

Carol Gilligan, "Moral Orientation and Moral Development"

200

(11)

Contextual Studies

Carol P. Christ, "Why Women Need the Goddess: Phenomenological, Psychological, and Political Reflections"

211

(9)

Alice Walker, "The Only Reason You Want to Go to Heaven Is That You Have Been Driven Out of Your Mind (Off Your Land and Out of Your Lover's Arms)"

220

(5)

Sara Ruddick, "Notes Toward a Feminist Maternal Peace Politics"

225

(13)

Vandana Shiva, "Women's Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity Conservation"

238

(6)

THE DOMINANCE APPROACH

Theoretical Frames

Catharine MacKinnon, "Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination"

244

(12)

Catharine MacKinnon, "Desire and Power" and "Sex and Violence: A Perspective"

256

(15)

Emma Goldman, "Woman Suffrage"

271

(6)

Sandra Lee Bartky, "Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power"

277

(15)

Audre Lorde, "Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference"

292

(6)

Contextual Studies

John Stoltenberg, "Confronting Pornography as a Civil-Rights Issue"

298

(13)

Lisa Duggan, Nan D. Hunter, and Carole S. Vance, "False Promises: Feminist Antipornography Legislation"

311

(14)

Marilyn Frye, "Willful Virgin or Do You Have to Be a Lesbian to Be a Feminist?"

325

(8)

bell hooks, "Seduced by Violence No More"

333

(5)

SECTION III LOCALIZING APPROACHES TO SEX OPPRESSION

Introduction

338

(2)

POSTMODERN FEMINISM

Theoretical Frames

Nancy Fraser and Linda J. Nicholson, "Social Criticism without Philosophy: An Encounter between Feminism and Postmodernism"

340

(13)

Judith Butler, from Gender Trouble

353

(10)

bell hooks, "Postmodern Blackness"

363

(5)

Contextual Studies

Sharon Marcus, "Fighting Bodies, Fighting Words: A Theory and Politics of Rape Prevention"

368

(14)

Kate Bornstein, "Send in the Clowns"

382

(3)

Susan Bordo, "Material Girl: The Effacements of Postmodern Culture"

385

(20)

FEMINIST IDENTITY POLITICS

Theoretical Frames

Barbara Christian, "The Race for Theory"

405

(7)

Combahee River Collective, "A Black Feminist Statement"

412

(6)

Mari Matsuda, "On Identity Politics"

418

(4)

Contextual Studies

Gloria Anzaldúa, "La Conciencia de la Mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness"

422

(9)

Angela Davis, "Mama's Got the Blues: Rivals, Girlfriends, and Advisors"

431

(14)

Dorothy E. Roberts, "Punishing Drug Addicts Who Have Babies: Women of Color, Equality, and the Right of Privacy"

445

SECTION IV FEMINIST ALLIES?

Introduction

458

(12)

Nancy Fraser, "Multiculturalism, Antiessentialism, and Radical Democracy: A Genealogy of the Current Impasse in Feminist Theory"

459

(11)

POSTCOLONIAL THEORY

Leela Gandhi, "Postcolonialism and Feminism"

470

(11)

Ann Laura Stoler, "Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and morality in Colonial Asia"

481

(9)

NEO-MATERIALIST THEORY

Iris M. Young, "Socialist Feminism and the Limits of Dual Systems Theory"

490

(11)

Gwyn Kirk, "Standing on Solid Ground: A Materialist Ecological Feminism"

501

(20)

QUEER THEORY

Leslie Feinberg, "Walking Our Talk"

521

(6)

Gayle S. Rubin, "Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality"

527

(13)

Judith Butler, "Against Proper Objects"

540

(12)

Evelynn Hammonds, "Black (W)holes and the Geometry of Black Female Sexuality"

552

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Theorizing Feminisms A Reader

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