Thermodynamics and Heat Power

by Rolle, Kurt C.

• ISBN13: 9780131139282
• ISBN10: 0131139282
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2019-12-07
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This book presents learners with the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics and their practical application to heat power, heat transfer, and heating and air conditioning. It addresses real-world problems in engineering and design - rather than focusing on abstract mathematics.Chapter topics include the thermodynamic system; work, heat, and reversibility; conservation of mass and the first law of thermodynamics; equations of state and calorimetry; availability and useful work; the internal combustion engine and the Otto and Diesel cycles; gas turbines, jet propulsion, and the Brayton cycle; steam power generation and the Rankine cycle; refrigeration and heat pumps; and much more.For use in engineering technology programs.

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(33)
Some Reasons for Studying Thermodynamics	1	(5)
Historical Background of Thermodynamics	6	(4)
Basic Dimensions and Unit Systems	10	(2)
Thermodynamic Calculations and Unit Cancellations	12	(2)
Further Thermodynamic Calculations	14	(9)
Method of Problem Solving	23	(1)
Computer Methods for Thermodynamic Problems	24	(6)
Summary	30	(4)
Practice Problems	31	(3)
The Thermodynamic System	34	(42)
The System	34	(2)
Elementary Theory of Matter	36	(4)
Property	40	(1)
State of a System	40	(1)
Process	40	(1)
Cycles and Cyclic Devices	40	(1)
Weight and Mass	41	(3)
Volume, Density, and Pressure	44	(13)
Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics	57	(1)
Temperature and Thermometers	58	(7)
Energy	65	(3)
Efficiency	68	(1)
Units Revisited	69	(1)
Summary	70	(6)
Practice Problems	71	(5)
Work, Heat, and Reversibility	76	(28)
Work	76	(12)
Power	88	(3)
Heat	91	(1)
Reversibility	91	(4)
The Equivalence of Work and Heat	95	(1)
Types of Systems	96	(1)
The Forms of Energy	96	(1)
Summary	97	(7)
Practice Problems	98	(6)
Conservation of Mass and the First Law of Thermodynamics	104	(35)
Conservation of Mass	104	(4)
Steady Flow	108	(2)
Uniform Flow	110	(5)
Conservation of Energy	115	(3)
The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Closed System	118	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics for an Isolated System	119	(2)
Flow Energy and Enthalpy	121	(3)
The First Law of Thermodynamics for an Open System	124	(6)
Summary	130	(9)
Practice Problems	132	(7)
Equations of State and Calorimetry	139	(37)
Equations of State and Pure Substances	139	(3)
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships	142	(8)
Caloric Equations of State	150	(11)
Calorimetry	161	(4)
Properties of Pure Substances	165	(6)
Summary	171	(5)
Practice Problems	173	(3)
Processes	176	(45)
Processes of Perfect Gases	176	(13)
Adiabatic Processes of Perfect Gases	189	(7)
Processes of Compressible Gases	196	(3)
Processes of Incompressible Liquids	199	(2)
Processes of Solids	201	(3)
Processes of Pure Substances	204	(9)
Summary	213	(8)
Practice Problems	215	(6)
Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	221	(45)
Heat Engines and Cyclic Devices	222	(2)
The Carnot Engine and Entropy	224	(7)
Thermal Efficiency	231	(1)
Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles	232	(6)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	238	(3)
Entropy and Reversibility	241	(1)
Entropy Changes	242	(7)
The Isentropic Process	249	(3)
The Third Law of Thermodynamics	252	(1)
Carnot Cycle Analysis	253	(6)
Summary	259	(7)
Practice Problems	262	(4)
Availability and Useful Work	266	(16)
Useful Work	266	(3)
Availability	269	(3)
Energy Degradation	272	(6)
Free Energy	278	(2)
Summary	280	(2)
Practice Problems	280	(2)
The Internal Combustion Engine and the Otto and Diesel Cycles	282	(51)
The Internal Combustion Engine	283	(1)
The Ideal Otto Cycle and Air-Standard Analysis	283	(13)
Otto Cycle Efficiency	296	(3)
The Actual Otto Engine	299	(13)
The Diesel Engine and Air-Standard Analysis	312	(7)
The Diesel-Otto Comparison	319	(1)
The Dual Cycle	320	(2)
Computer-Aided Analysis	322	(2)
Engine Design Considerations	324	(4)
Summary	328	(5)
Practice Problems	329	(4)
Gas Turbines, Jet Propulsion, and the Brayton Cycle	333	(40)
The Ideal Brayton Cycle and the Gas Turbine Engine	333	(3)
The Gas Turbine	336	(3)
Combustors and Compressors	339	(3)
Nozzles and Diffusers	342	(7)
The Gas Turbine Engine and Air-Standard Analysis	349	(7)
Regenerative Cycles	356	(3)
Jet Propulsion	359	(5)
Rockets	364	(2)
Computer-Aided Analysis of the Gas Turbine	366	(1)
Summary	367	(6)
Practice Problems	368	(5)
Steam Power Generation and the Rankine Cycle	373	(48)
The Rankine Cycle	374	(1)
Boilers and Steam Generators	375	(2)
Steam Turbines	377	(2)
Pumps	379	(1)
Condensers	380	(1)
Steam as a Working Fluid	381	(10)
Analysis of Steam Power Generation Cycles	391	(5)
The Reheat Cycle	396	(4)
The Regenerative Cycle	400	(5)
The Reheat--Regenerative Cycle	405	(7)
Other Considerations of the Rankine Cycle	412	(2)
Summary	414	(7)
Practice Problems	416	(5)
Refrigeration and Heat Pumps	421	(33)
The Reversed Carnot Cycle	421	(4)
The Vapor Compression Cycles	425	(4)
Analysis of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Systems	429	(5)
The Reversed Brayton Cycle or Air Cycle	434	(8)
Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration	442	(2)
Cryogenics and Gas Liquefaction	444	(2)
Heat Pumps	446	(4)
Summary	450	(4)
Practice Problems	451	(3)
Mixtures	454	(39)
Mixture Analysis	454	(4)
Perfect Gas Mixtures	458	(3)
Water and Air Mixtures and the Psychometric Chart	461	(6)
Processes of Air-Water Mixtures	467	(11)
Chemical Potential	478	(2)
Diffusion	480	(3)
Mixture Phase Change Behavior	483	(5)
Summary	488	(5)
Practice Problems	491	(2)
Reacting Mixtures and Combustion	493	(18)
The Combustion Process	493	(2)
Fuels	495	(2)
Air/Fuel Ratios	497	(1)
Heat of Formation	498	(1)
Combustion Analysis	499	(4)
Adiabatic Combustion Temperature	503	(1)
Entropy Generation in Combustion	504	(3)
Summary	507	(4)
Practice Problems	509	(2)
Heat Transfer	511	(60)
Conduction Heat Transfer	512	(8)
Convection Heat Transfer	520	(1)
Combined Conduction--Convection Applications	521	(13)
Forced Convection	534	(6)
Natural Convection	540	(5)
Radiation Heat Transfer	545	(10)
Heat Exchangers	555	(5)
Summary	560	(11)
Practice Problems	564	(7)
Heating and Air Conditioning	571	(17)
Parameters in Heating and Air Conditioning	571	(7)
Analysis of Space Heating	578	(4)
Analysis of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration	582	(3)
Summary	585	(3)
Practice Problems	586	(2)
Other Power Devices	588
Electric Generators, Motors, and Batteries	588	(5)
Fuel Cells	593	(5)
Thermoelectric Devices	598	(2)
Magneto-Hydrodynamics	600	(1)
Biological Systems	601	(5)
Stirling Cycle Devices	606	(3)
Summary	609
Practice Problems	610
Appendixes
A Mathematical Relationships	1	(1)
B Tables and Charts	1	(1)
C Selected References	1	(1)
D Thermodynamic Notation and List of Symbols	1	(1)
Answer to Selected Problems	1	(1)
Index	1

Excerpts

This edition has been prepared with the same goals and intentions of the past five editions: to present, in a clear, correct, and complete manner, the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics and heat transfer and to demonstrate their applications. I have held closely to the presentation of the fifth edition and emphasized design and real-world applications. The understanding or use of calculus is not mandatory for studying the text or doing most of the practice problems. I still feel that the subject matter is too important and practical to be inaccessible to those who do not have a strong background in mathematics. The major addition to this volume is the inclusion of discussions on using Engineering Equation Solver (EES)as a commercial software tool for solving many of the problems encountered in thermodynamics and heat power. EES, available from F-Chart Software (www.fchart.com), is a powerful package for obtaining and using thermodynamic properties and for solving sets of simultaneous equations, but if the reader does not have access to EES then this presentation can be ignored without detracting from the text. The nine software programs that I have made available in previous editions have been revised into a Windows or event-driven format to be more comfortable and user friendly. I hope that they can aid the student in understanding the subject matter and solving many of the problems. These programs are available on the CD packaged with the Instructor''s Solutions Manual. It includes programs that can be used to analyze some of the processes and cycles discussed in the text, that can perform the necessary computations for parametric studies, and that connotate designfor many professionals. With the increased applications of refrigerant blends in mechanical refrigeration, I have added two refrigerant blends, R-407c and R-502, to the discussion of refrigerants in chapter 12. Further, I have included a discussion of the phase change of mixtures in chapter 13, with particular emphasis on the refrigerant blends, including the observed temperature glide during a phase change for specific blends. Because of the increased interest in fuel cells,I have expanded the presentation and discussion of these devices. Finally, I have rearranged the appendix table of properties to be more logical and convenient. A complete listing of the appendix tables is now included in the Table of Contents. Both SI (Systeme International) and English units are used in this edition. There still is a need for today''s students to be fluent in both systems, so the text is split about evenly between the two systems. Practice problems are keyed for both systems, and example problems show the conversions between the systems. The book contains adequate material and enough practice problems to permit emphasis on one of the two units. The sequence of presentation roughly follows the order of definitions, statements of laws or principles, and applications. The importance of understanding the definitions cannot be overstated. The vocabulary of thermodynamics contains many words of common usage (such as temperature, heat,and work) that are given precise meaning through definitions. Without this precision, most technical problem solving would be vague or impossible. Laws or principles are stated as truths that have no observed contradictions in nature. Applications of the laws are then presented to give the reader a sampling of the types of problems clarified by the thermodynamic approach. In proceeding from the basic laws to specific applications, the reader is presented with a common methodology for all problems of a thermodynamics nature. From the statements of laws, a few precise equations are developed from which students can proceed with an analysis. The reader is shown how to make statements regarding the physical characteristics of the material involved and how to make simplifying but realistic assumptions that allow for reducing general equations to specific ones. The reader is then shown how to proceed with calculations to obtain quantitative answers. Included are some derivations of specific equations from the general relationships and compilations or tables displaying specific equations. It should be emphasized that an understanding of the underlying assumptions that allow the use of specific relationships is most important. A book for engineering technology that covers such a popular subject as thermodynamics cannot be expected to present much new or original work. What is presented is well known in the scientific community but is, I believe, presented here in a manner that is especially clear and easily accessible to students. In chapter 1, material is presented that is expected to set the stage for the sequence of study in thermodynamics. Readers are strongly urged to study the sections on thermodynamic calculations and the method of problem solving. Particular attention should be directed to the subject of computing areas under curves and the use of the computer for these efforts. The program used to facilitate these calculations with the trapezoid rule method is contained on the CD included in the Instructor''s Solutions Manual, but it is short enough to be readily copied or entered onto a separate disk. In chapter 2, the idea of a system is introduced and emphasis is placed on identifying important properties of the systems. Some treatment is given to the instrumentation used in measuring those properties, such as pressure gages and thermometers. Chapter 3 contains the definitions of work and heat as well as a discussion of how energy changes from one form to another. Also, the idea of a reversible process is introduced and then used throughout the book. The first law of thermodynamics is presented in chapter 4 as a conservation principle applicable to a system. It was decided to consider systems as open, closed, or isolated rather than using the term control volume.Some arguments can be made against this terminology, but I felt that this was the best way to reduce the language to the fewest words. In chapter 5, the reader is shown how to describe the state of a system. First, the three common phases of substances--solid, liquid, and vapor--are discussed with the assistance of phase diagrams. Pressure-volume-temperature relations are introduced with explanations given for when a system can be assumed to be a perfect gas or an incompressible solid or liquid. Compressible gases and liquids are considered and other models are also mentioned. Equations that are used to predict internal energy and enthalpy from temperature are then introduced. Perfect gases and incompressible liquids or solids are given the most attention. Some of the experimental methods for measuring internal energy or enthalpy changes are presented, and then pure substances are discussed. Extensive references are made to the appendix tables of properties (appendix B). Chapter 6 is somewhat of a watershed for the conservation of energy. The material has been extensively revised and expanded from my previous work, attention being given to processes of pure substances other than ideal gases. Mastery of the material in this chapter would be a good indicator of understanding the material in the first five chapters. In chapter 7, entropy is presented through the ideas of a cyclic device and heat engines. One never knows how best to introduce an abstraction such as entropy, but its usefulness has been demonstrated and it is used abundantly in the literature. If students are to use thermodynamics in their professional endeavors, they must have an understanding of entropy. The concepts of available energy are presented based on the useful work idea and the definitions of irreversibility. A consideration of energy by itself, even with some idea of the second