Thermodynamics and Kinetics for the Biological Sciences

by Hammes, Gordon G.

• ISBN13: 9780471374916
• ISBN10: 0471374911
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-06-26
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

Gain a working knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics with a minimum of mathematics-a guide for individuals in the biological sciences An understanding of thermodynamics and kinetics is essential for researchers investigating molecular phenomena in diverse disciplines, including bioorganic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, pharmaceuticals, and biology. The use of these physical chemistry tools in the biological sciences has exploded over the past fifteen years, but the majority of works on thermodynamics and kinetics require mathematical expertise beyond that of many researchers in the field. Presenting a highly accessible introduction to thermodynamics and kinetics, Thermodynamics and Kinetics for the Biological Sciences employs a minimum of mathematics, assuming only a basic calculus background, while treating a wide range of topics in a logical and easy-to-follow style. All principles and concepts are clearly illustrated through the use of relevant applications and examples from the biological sciences, and explanations are further enhanced with problems and up-to-date references. Written by a world-renowned authority on biochemical kinetics, this remarkable book also features an easy-to-understand statistical development of entropy and a more extensive coverage of chemical kinetics and ligand binding to macromolecules than is usually found in books of this kind. Readers will acquire a working knowledge of thermodynamics and kinetics that they can readily apply to biological systems and use for exploring the scientific literature.

Author Biography

GORDON G. HAMMES, PhD, is University Distinguished Service Professor of Biochemistry at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, and Editor-in-Chief of the journal Biochemistry.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Heat, Work, and Energy	1	(20)
Introduction	1	(1)
Temperature	2	(1)
Heat	3	(1)
Work	4	(3)
Definition of Energy	7	(2)
Enthalpy	9	(1)
Standard States	10	(1)
Calorimetry	11	(4)
Reaction Enthalpies	15	(2)
Temperature Dependence of the Reaction Enthalpy	17	(4)
References	18	(1)
Problems	18	(3)
Entropy and Free Energy	21	(20)
Introduction	21	(1)
Statement of the Second Law	22	(2)
Calculation of the Entropy	24	(2)
Third Law of Thermodynamics	26	(1)
Molecular Interpretation of Entropy	27	(1)
Free Energy	28	(2)
Chemical Equilibria	30	(3)
Pressure and Temperature Dependence of the Free Energy	33	(2)
Phase Changes	35	(2)
Additions to the Free Energy	37	(4)
Problems	37	(4)
Applications of Thermodynamics to Biological Systems	41	(30)
Biochemical Reactions	41	(1)
Metabolic Cycles	42	(5)
Direct Synthesis of ATP	47	(1)
Establishment of Membrane Ion Gradients by Chemical Reactions	48	(2)
Protein Structure	50	(6)
Protein Folding	56	(3)
Nucleic Acid Structures	59	(3)
DNA Melting	62	(4)
RNA	66	(5)
References	68	(1)
Problems	68	(3)
Chemical Kinetics	71	(23)
Introduction	71	(2)
Reaction Rates	73	(2)
Determination of Rate Laws	75	(3)
Radioactive Decay	78	(1)
Reaction Mechanisms	79	(4)
Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants	83	(3)
Relationship Between Thermodynamics and Kinetics	86	(2)
Reaction Rates Near Equilibrium	88	(6)
References	91	(1)
Problems	91	(3)
Applications of Kinetics to Biological Systems	94	(30)
Introduction	94	(1)
Enzyme Catalysis: The Michaelis--Menten Mechanism	94	(5)
α-Chymotrypsin	99	(7)
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase	106	(3)
Ribozymes	109	(4)
DNA Melting and Renaturation	113	(11)
References	119	(1)
Problems	120	(4)
Ligand Binding to Macromolecules	124	(37)
Introduction	124	(1)
Binding of Small Molecules to Multiple Identical Binding Sites	124	(3)
Macroscopic and Microscopic Equilibrium Constants	127	(1)
Statistical Effects in Ligand Binding to Macromolecules	128	(4)
Experimental Determination of Ligand Binding Isotherms	132	(3)
Binding of Cro Repressor Protein to DNA	135	(3)
Cooperativity in Ligand Binding	138	(5)
Models for Cooperativity	143	(4)
Kinetic Studies of Cooperative Binding	147	(1)
Allosterism	148	(6)
References	151	(1)
Problems	152	(2)
Appendixes
1. Standard Free Energies and Enthalpies of Formation at 298 K, 1 Atmosphere, pH 7, and 0.25 M Ionic Strength	154	(2)
2. Standard Free Energy and Enthalpy Changes for Biochemical Reactions at 298 K, 1 Atmosphere, pH 7.0, pMg 3.0, and 0.25 M Ionic Strength	156	(1)
3. Structures of the Common Amino Acids at Neutral pH	157	(2)
4. Useful Constants and Conversion Factors	159	(2)
Index	161