Thinking Eye Seeing Brain PA

by Enns,James T.

• ISBN13: 9780393977219
• ISBN10: 0393977218
• Edition: 00
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-09-28
• Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company

Summary

Ideal for courses in vision, perception, andcognitive science, this unique text conveys the excitement and promiseof the field of visual cognition while emphasizing its vitalrelationship to cognitive science in general, exploring centralphilosophical and psychological issues such as imagination,consciousness, and perceptions of time. Instructors using The Thinking Eye, the Seeing Brain will have accessto lecture-ready PowerPoint slides of art from the text, each of themcarefully annotated by Professor Enns.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
What is Vision Science?	2	(32)
Seeing and Thinking	3	(1)
What Vision is Not	4	(9)
The myth of seeing as a faithful record	4	(3)
The myth of vision as a passive process	7	(3)
The myth of the seeing eye	10	(2)
The myth of imageless thought	12	(1)
What is Vision For?	13	(4)
Box 1.1 ``Subjective'' versus ``arbitrary'' perceptions	16	(1)
Who are the Vision Scientists?	17	(6)
Ophthalmologists and optometrists	18	(1)
Neuroscientists, neurologists, and neuropsychologists	19	(1)
Cognitive psychologists, psychophysicists, and cognitive neuroscientists	20	(1)
Computer scientists and engineers	21	(2)
Measurement in Vision Science	23	(9)
Light	23	(5)
The visual stimulus	28	(1)
Human behavior	29	(3)
Are You Ready?	32	(1)
Further Reading	33	(1)
Eye and Brain	34	(44)
Tools of the Trade, Reverse Engineers, and Empty Boxes	36	(4)
Lessons of the Migraine Aura	40	(11)
Neural activity cannot be experienced	42	(1)
Seeing does not require the eyes	43	(1)
Visual mapping in the eye and brain	44	(1)
Box 2.1 Seeing your own blindspot and filling it in	45	(6)
Up and Down the Cortical Hierarchy	51	(8)
The anatomical hierarchy	51	(3)
The temporal hierarchy	54	(1)
Dynamic receptive fields	55	(2)
Box 2.2 Experiencing the effects of visible persistence	57	(2)
Vision without Some Parts of the Brain	59	(15)
Blindsight	59	(3)
Neglect and extinction	62	(5)
Balint syndrome	67	(1)
Cerebral achromatopsia	68	(1)
Box 2.3 Searching for feature combinations	69	(2)
Motion blindness	71	(2)
Charles Bonnet syndrome	73	(1)
Is it Enough?	74	(1)
Further Reading	75	(3)
Color	78	(42)
Why Does the Sky Look Blue?	79	(7)
Color constancy: Superficial light and enduring surfaces	81	(4)
Box 3.1 Color constancy revealed with overhead transparencies	85	(1)
What Does the Visual System Do with Wavelength?	86	(12)
Color in the eye	87	(3)
Box 3.2 Creating metamers using a desktop computer	90	(4)
Color in the brain	94	(4)
The Human Response to Color	98	(10)
How many colors are there?	98	(1)
Color names	98	(1)
Color spaces	99	(7)
Box 3.3 Exploring the color gamut of a desktop computer	106	(1)
Color mixing	107	(1)
Color Strangers Among Us	108	(5)
Getting by without the third cone: Dichromats	108	(2)
Adding a fourth cone: Tetrachromatic superwomen	110	(3)
Learning About Color Through Play	113	(3)
Illusions of color contrast and averaging	113	(1)
Neon color illusions	114	(1)
The watercolor illusion	115	(1)
Do We Know Them by Their Color?	116	(1)
What is Color For?	117	(1)
Further Reading	118	(2)
Edges	120	(44)
The Impossibility of Reading by Moonlight	121	(1)
What is an Edge?	122	(4)
The luminance profile	123	(2)
Spatial frequency	125	(1)
Box 4.1 Seeing your own contrast sensitivity function	126	(1)
What Does the Visual System Do with Edges?	126	(19)
Rods and cones	127	(2)
Box 4.2 Vision without edges	129	(5)
Ganglion cells	134	(1)
Box 4.3 Measuring the useful field of view	135	(3)
Lower brain structures	138	(3)
Visual cortex	141	(4)
The Human Response to Edges	145	(8)
Congenital achromatopsia: Chronic reading by moonlight	145	(3)
Hermann grid: Edge enhancement at work	148	(2)
Connecting the dots: Edge interactions	150	(1)
Subjective edges: Seeing edges that aren't there	150	(2)
Edges influence brightness perception	152	(1)
Perception by Edges Alone	153	(9)
Are line drawings enough?	153	(2)
Art and the cartoon advantage	155	(1)
Box 4.4 Using a window to create a line drawing	156	(2)
Box 4.5 Drawing with the upside-down part of your brain	158	(1)
Silhouettes and shadows	159	(3)
Where are We Now?	162	(1)
Further Reading	163	(1)
Objects	164	(52)
Rich Visual Experiences and Poor Visual Reports	166	(6)
Change blindness in the lab	168	(1)
The illusion of detail	169	(1)
Box 5.1 A simple card trick	170	(2)
How Much Can We See at a Glance?	172	(7)
Bridging the gap: Short-term memory	172	(2)
Counting sheep: How many?	174	(2)
Keeping tabs: Tracking objects in motion	176	(1)
The magical number one	176	(3)
What is a Visual Object?	179	(8)
Box 5.2 Uneven perception of a single object	180	(1)
Spatial attention	181	(2)
Figure-ground organization	183	(1)
Parsing at regions of deep concavity	184	(2)
Problems of hierarchical structure and scale	186	(1)
The Problem of Shape: Recovering the Third Dimension	187	(10)
Light shines from above	191	(1)
Surfaces are generally convex	191	(2)
Objects are attached to surfaces	193	(1)
Objects are generally viewed from above	193	(1)
A generic viewpoint	194	(3)
Object Recognition	197	(9)
The problem of object constancy	198	(1)
Recognition by parts	199	(3)
Recognition by views	202	(4)
Scene Perception	206	(8)
Gist	207	(3)
Box 5.3 How detailed is your picture memory?	210	(1)
Layout	211	(3)
Vision for Images or Objects?	214	(1)
Further Reading	215	(1)
Time	216	(40)
Temporal Resolution and the Speed of Sight	217	(4)
Box 6.1 Critical flicker fusion	220	(1)
Seeing Takes Time	221	(3)
Neural chaos in a stable world	223	(1)
Temporal Binding in the Brain	224	(4)
Box 6.2 Seeing ``where'' before seeing ``what''	225	(3)
Illusions Arising from Temporal Chaos	228	(12)
Temporal integration	228	(5)
Object formation	233	(3)
What happened when?	236	(4)
The Magical Number One, Again	240	(1)
Visual Attention Over Time	241	(6)
Two modes of attention	242	(2)
Attentional capture	244	(3)
Temporal Correlation and Perceptual Causality	247	(3)
The Timing of Visual Events	250	(4)
Time After Time	254	(1)
Further Reading	255	(1)
Space	256	(54)
Magnetic Hills and Mystery Spots	257	(6)
Box 7.1 Exploring proprioceptive balance	261	(2)
Knowing One's Place in the World	263	(12)
Orientation: What's up?	263	(7)
Direction: Where is it?	270	(1)
Box 7.2 Eyeing a target	271	(1)
Heading: Where am I going?	272	(1)
Box 7.3 Acting like Cyclops	273	(2)
Constructing the Third Dimension	275	(10)
The benefits of the second eye	276	(5)
The benefits of motion	281	(4)
Using Only One Eye	285	(22)
Seeing distance in pictures	286	(2)
Box 7.4 Using a window to study depth perception	288	(9)
Art and illusion	297	(3)
Box 7.5 What's your drawing style?	300	(1)
Why the moon changes size	300	(6)
Box 7.6 Size constancy scaling in pictures	306	(1)
Putting it all Together	307	(1)
Further Reading	308	(2)
Imagination	310	(42)
Visual Imagery	311	(12)
Mental transformations	312	(3)
Unavoidable mental images	315	(2)
Images in the brain	317	(4)
Keeping our images straight	321	(1)
Box 8.1 Limitations of mental images	322	(1)
Visual Memory	323	(4)
Visual Learning	327	(20)
Priming	327	(1)
Mere exposure: Emotional rewards of familiarity	328	(2)
Adaptive learning	330	(4)
How does expertise change the brain?	334	(6)
Even imprinting is flexible!	340	(7)
Problem Solving by Visual Simulation	347	(3)
Limits of the Imagination	350	(1)
Further Reading	351	(1)
Consciousness	352
Pointing the Way	353	(5)
Box 9.1 The unconscious effects of saccadic suppression	357	(1)
What's at Stake in the Science of Visual Consciousness?	358	(6)
Vision	358	(2)
Awareness	360	(1)
Unconscious influence	361	(3)
Dissociating Vision for Perception and Awareness	364	(20)
Neurological conditions	364	(5)
Acting without seeing	369	(15)
The Contents of Visual Consciousness	384	(12)
Reverse hierarchy theory: Seeing forests before trees	385	(2)
Missing the unexpected: Inattentional blindness	387	(4)
Awareness in single cells	391	(1)
Box 9.2 Binocular rivalry	392	(4)
Unusual Forms of Visual Consciousness: Synesthesia	396	(3)
Probing the Conscious Mind On-Line	399	(1)
Living in the Zone	400	(1)
Visual Consciousness and Vision Science	401	(1)
Further Reading	402
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Author Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1	(1)
Color Appendix	1