Tool Kits in Regional Science

by Sonis, Michael; Hewings, Geoffrey J. D.

• ISBN13: 9783642006265
• ISBN10: 3642006264
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-07-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Regional Science is now more than 50 years old; in the last two decades, significant advances in methodology have occurred, spurred in large part by access to computers. The range of analytical techniques now available is enormous; this books provides a sampling of the toolkit that is now at the disposal of analysts interested in understanding and interpreting the complexity of the spatial structure of sub- national economies. The set of tools ranges from the more traditional (input-output) to new developments in computable general equilibrium models, nonlinear dynamics, neural modelling and innovation.

Table of Contents

Contributors	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Complex Socio-Economic Systems in Regional Science Reconsideration of Theories of Linear Spatial Analysis	p. 5
Introduction	p. 5
Catastrophe Effects in Linear Programming	p. 7
Cone-Wedge Presentation of the Domain of Structural Stability of Optimal Solutions	p. 7
Structure of Optimal (Minimum Cost) Transportation Flows	p. 9
Domains of Structural Stability and Boundaries of Structural Change in Optimal Transportation Networks	p. 9
Behavioral Competition Between Suppliers and Demanders within the Minimum Cost Transportation Problem	p. 12
Superposition Principle: The Inverted Problem of Multi-Objective Programming	p. 12
Connection Between the Weber Principle of Industrial Location and the Möet;bius Barycentric Calculus	p. 14
The Caratheodory Theorem and the Inverted Problem of Multi-Objective Programming	p. 15
Decomposition Formalism for Multi-Objective Analysis Based on Minkovsky-Caratheodory Theorem	p. 17
Polyhedral Catastrophic Dynamics of the Push-Pull States of Migration Streams	p. 21
Description and Geometrical Interpretation of the Decomposition Procedure	p. 21
Normalized Space of Admissible Migration States	p. 23
Example of the Decomposition Analysis	p. 24
Interconnections Between Pull and Push Analyses	p. 27
Polyhedral Catastrophic Dynamics	p. 28
Reconstruction of Central Places Geometry on the Basis of Barycentric Calculus	p. 30
Main Assumptions of the Classical Theory of the Central Places	p. 31
Barycentric Coordinates in the Möet;bius Plane	p. 36
The Superposition Model of Central Place Hierarchy	p. 40
Hierarchical Structures of the Central Place System	p. 40
Polyhedron of Admissible Central Place Hierarchies for an Actual Central Place System	p. 42
Decomposition of an Actual Central Place Hierarchy	p. 43
Best Fitting Approximation Procedure and the Algorithm of Decomposition	p. 44
Hierarchical Analysis of the Christaller Original Central Place System in Munich, Southern Germany	p. 45
Structural Stability, Structural Changes and Catastrophes in Central Place Hierarchical Dynamics	p. 47
Transportation Flows in Central Place Systems	p. 48
Spatial Structure of the Minimum Cost Flows in a Bounded Beckmann-McPherson Central Place System	p. 48
Aggregated Schemes and Transportation Tables for Derivation of Rotationally Invariant Flows	p. 49
Structurally Stable "Top-Down" Transportation Flows in Bounded Three-Tier Beckmann-McPherson Central Place Hierarchies	p. 50
Optimal Extensions of the Transportation Network in Growing Urban Systems	p. 54
Feedback Loop Decomposition Analysis of Spatial Economic Systems: Hierarchy of Spatial/Functional Feedback Loop Production Cycles	p. 57
Quasi-Permutation Matrices and Closed Feedback Loops of the Intra-Regional Production Cycles	p. 58
Superposition of Intra-Regional Production Feedback Loop Cycles: Decomposition Algorithm	p. 60
Vertical Specialization of Production and the Economic Meaning of the Multi-Regional Aggregated Spatial Feedback Loop Production Cycles	p. 61
The Matrioshka Imbedding Principle for the Nested Disaggregated Hierarchy of Spatial Feedback Loop Production Cycles	p. 62
Spatial Production Cycles in the European Common Market, 1965-1980	p. 63
New Developments in Input-Output Analysis Fields of Influence of Changes, the Temporal Leontief Inverse and the Reconsideration of Classical Key Sector Analysis	p. 69
Introduction: Coefficient Change in Input-Output Models	p. 69
Three Approaches to Input Coefficient Change	p. 71
Basic Results of the Theory of Field of Influence of Changes in Direct Inputs	p. 74
Temporal Multipliers and Temporal Increments	p. 74
Multiplicative and Additive Forms of the Temporal Leontief Inverse	p. 75
The Fine Structure of the Temporal Increments	p. 77
Direct (First Order) Fields of Influence of Coefficient Change: Matrix Form of the Sherman-Morrison approach	p. 80
Definition of Direct (First Order) Field of Influence of Changes	p. 80
Cross Structure of the First Order Fields of Influence	p. 81
Change in One Row (Column)	p. 84
Reconsideration of Classical Key Sector Analysis	p. 85
Intensity of Direct Field of Influence and the Global Intensity Matrix as Multiplier Product Matrix (MPM)	p. 85
Backward and Forward Linkages of Economic Sectors and Key Sector Analysis	p. 86
Multiplier Product Matrix (MPM) and Structural Economic Landscapes	p. 88
Minimum Information Property of MPM	p. 90
Synergetic Second Order Fields of Influence	p. 93
Definition of Second Order Field of Influence	p. 93
Structure of Fields of Influence of the Second Order	p. 95
Intensity of the Second Order Synergetic Fields of Influence	p. 95
Distribution Span of Fields of Influence of the Second Order	p. 96
Numerical Distribution Span of Intensities of Fields of Influence of the Second order	p. 98
Simonovits' Error Rectangles and the Decomposition of Leontief Inverse	p. 99
Minimum Information Decomposition of Leontief Inverse	p. 101
Structure of Synergetic Interactions Between Economic Sectors	p. 102
Key Sector Analysis of the Chinese Economy, 1987, 1990	p. 104
The Chinese National Economy, 1987	p. 104
Changes in the Chinese Economy, 1987-1990	p. 111
Comparative Analysis: China and the Metropolitan Economies	p. 112
Interregional Computable General Equilibrium Models	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
A Stylized Theoretical Interregional General Equilibrium Model	p. 120
Regions	p. 121
Commodities	p. 121
Consumers	p. 121
Firms	p. 121
Endowments	p. 122
Social Accounting Matrices as the Basis for Modeling	p. 125
Scaffolding	p. 127
The State-of-the-Art: Common Features, Common Issues	p. 127
Regional Setting and Data Constraints	p. 128
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches	p. 129
Interregional Linkages	p. 131
Production and Consumption Systems	p. 134
Transportation Services	p. 137
Calibration	p. 138
Sensitivity Analysis	p. 139
Closure	p. 140
Intertemporal Analysis	p. 142
Solution Method	p. 142
Operational Models	p. 143
The Road Ahead: Challenges and New Directions	p. 146
Optimality versus Stability: Pattern Formation in Spatial Economics	p. 155
Optimality and Linearity in Economics	p. 155
Flows and Areas	p. 156
An Illustrative Case from Solid Geometry	p. 157
Hexagonal Patterns: Optimality of Shape	p. 157
On Boundary Conditions	p. 158
Transversality	p. 158
Further Research Agenda	p. 160
Urban and Hinterland Evolution Under Growing Population Pressure	p. 163
General Design Principles	p. 163
The Integrated Model for Urban and Population Evolution	p. 164
The Key-Variables	p. 164
Motivation-Driven Probabilistic Transition Rates	p. 165
Evolution Equations	p. 166
A Simple Implementation of the Population-Sector: Global Treatment of City- and Hinterland-Population	p. 168
The Global Population and Capacity Variables	p. 168
Global Personal Utilities and Transition Rates	p. 169
Evolution Equations for the Population Configuration	p. 170
The Case of Equal Net Birth Rates in City and Hinterland	p. 171
Socio-Spatial Dynamics and Discrete Non-Linear Probabilistic Chains	p. 177
Introduction: University of Discrete Socio-Spatial Dynamics	p. 177
Definition and Elementary Properties of Probabilistic Chains	p. 178
Types of Discrete Probabilistic Chains Describing Relative Socio-Spatial Dynamics	p. 181
Fractional-Linear Probabilistic Chains	p. 181
Linear Probabilistic (Markov) Chains	p. 182
Logistic Growth Probabilistic Chain	p. 182
Statistical Procedure for Estimation of Rates of Change and Initial State of the Logistic Growth Probabilistic Chain (Sonis, 1983, Sonis, 1987a)	p. 184
Interpolation-Extrapolation Dynamics of the Logistic Growth Probabilistic Chain	p. 185
Applications to Analysis of Israeli Regional Employment Co-Influence	p. 186
Log-Linear Probabilistic Chains	p. 189
Application of Log-Linear Probabilistic Chain Model to the Analysis of Regional Competition and Complementarity	p. 190
Interdependence Interpreted from the Viewpoint of Discrete Relative Dynamics	p. 192
Concluding Comments and Future Directions	p. 195
Principles of Neural Spatial Interaction Modeling	p. 199
Introduction	p. 199
The Context	p. 201
Network Learning and Model Performance	p. 202
Local and Global Search Procedures	p. 204
Bootstrap Estimation	p. 208
Model Complexity	p. 210
Assessing the Generalization Performance	p. 211
Concluding Remarks	p. 212
Quick but no so Dirty ML Estimation of Spatial Autoregressive Models	p. 215
Background	p. 215
The Normalizing Constant Approximation: History, Description and Generalization	p. 217
History	p. 218
Derivation of Griffith and Sone's Approximation Specification	p. 220
Extensions of Griffith and Sone's Approximation	p. 222
Alternatives to the Griffith-Sone Jacobian Approximation	p. 225
Implementation of the Jacobian Approximation	p. 228
The Jacobian Approximation when all of the Eigenvalues are Known	p. 229
The Jacobian Approximation when the n-1 Nonprincipal Eigenvalues are Unknown but can be Approximated	p. 232
The Jacobian Approximation when the n-1 Nonprincipal Eigenvalues are Unknown and Lack a Known Approximation	p. 233
Implications for Standard Error Estimates	p. 235
Discussion and Future Directions	p. 239
Innovation Diffusion Theory: 100 Years of Development	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
Major Actors in the Analysis of the Innovation Diffusion Process	p. 246
Socio-Ecological Mechanisms of Innovation Spread	p. 248
Empirical Regularities of Innovation Spread: Competition Between Adoption and Non-Adoption	p. 248
Many Competitive Innovations	p. 250
Qualitative Analysis of the Innovation Diffusion Process: Some Examples	p. 252
The First Principle of Individual Choice Within the Collective	p. 256
Choice Behavior of Homo Oeconomicus	p. 256
Choice Behavior of Homo Politicus	p. 257
Choice Behavior of Homo Socialis	p. 257
Adopter as a "Collective Being" in Innovation Choice	p. 258
Innovators and Innovating Elites	p. 258
Duality Between Supply Push and Demand Pull: Meso-Level Competition Between Social Elites vs. Micro-Level Social Contacts	p. 259
Captive Manipulation Power of Elites Influence: Ten Commandments of Aggressive Intolerance	p. 261
Active Environment and Socio-Ecological Niches	p. 262
Adoption and Non-Adoption Niches in Innovation Diffusion Process	p. 263
Case of Many Competitive Innovations and their Niches	p. 264
Conclusion and Future Directions of Development	p. 265
Urban Economics at a Cross-Road Recent Theoretical and Methodological Directions and Future Challenges	p. 273
Urban Economics in Regional Science	p. 273
Recent Theoretical Directions	p. 276
Recent Methodological Directions	p. 280
Urban Economics and Regional Science Transition	p. 283
Future Challenges	p. 286
Conclusions	p. 287
Conclusion Theories and Models Inspired by Empirical Regularities of Socio-Economic Spatial Analysis	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
First Meta-Theoretical Principles in Socio-Economic and Socio-Ecological Sciences	p. 296
Principle of Collectivity	p. 297
Principle of Complication	p. 297
The principle of Superposition	p. 298
The Duality Principle	p. 299
Index	p. 303
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