Tourism and China's Development : Policies, Regional Economic Growth and Ecotourism

by Wen, Julie Jie; Tisdell, Clement A.

• ISBN13: 9789810244330
• ISBN10: 9810244339
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-06-01
• Publisher: WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUB CO INC

Summary

An account of China's economic reforms since 1978, especially as regards the tourism trade, which has experienced phenomenal growth and a boom in development. Addresses a number of related issues, from the ability of tourism to counteract political problems in China, to the sustainability of regional tourism, which is dependent largely upon culture. Softcover.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	xix
List of Tables	xxi
Preface	xxv
Tourism, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development	1	(14)
Introduction	1	(3)
China and the Global Development of Tourism	4	(2)
Tourism Development as a Response to Economic Growth	6	(2)
Tourism Development as a Contributor to Economic Growth	8	(3)
Expansion of Tourism and the Achievement of Sustainable Development	11	(1)
The Nature and Scope of this Study	12	(3)
Tourism Development and Changing Policies in China: An Overview	15	(34)
Introduction	15	(1)
Policy Changes and the Administration of Tourism in China	16	(3)
Tourism before 1978 in China	16	(1)
Encouragement of international tourism in China since 1978	16	(2)
The administration of tourism in China	18	(1)
Features of the Growth of Inbound Tourism to China	19	(6)
Overall growth of inbound tourism to China	19	(2)
Observations on tourism growth to China	21	(3)
Statistical trends in inbound tourism	24	(1)
An Analysis of the Composition of China's Inbound Tourism	25	(8)
Market segmentation of inbound tourists to China	25	(3)
Change in the number of foreigners visiting China	28	(1)
Comparison of growth rates for number of compatriots and foreigners visiting China	28	(3)
Composition of foreign arrivals in China	31	(2)
Growth of China's Domestic Tourism Industry	33	(6)
Basic data and trends with inbound tourism comparisons	33	(2)
Relative composition of all tourism in China	35	(1)
Growth rate of domestic tourism compared to inbound and their volatility	35	(4)
Caution needed in projecting trends	39	(1)
Notes on Outbound Tourism from China	39	(1)
Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Tourism, Especially Ecotourism, in China	40	(7)
Concluding Comments	47	(2)
Regional Economic Disparity and Tourism Development: Theories and the Chinese Case	49	(27)
Introduction	49	(1)
Theories of Regional Development and Inequality: An Overview	49	(7)
Inverted-U paradigm and balanced development	52	(2)
Unbalanced economic development across regions	54	(2)
Regional Income Inequality in China: History and Current Situation	56	(5)
Income inequality between 1949 and 1978 in China	57	(1)
Income inequality since 1978	58	(3)
Inequality Between Coastal and Inland Areas	61	(7)
Growing income disparity between the coastal and inland areas	61	(3)
Principal reasons for the expanding disparity between coastal and inland China	64	(4)
Does Regional Inequality Need to be Considered for Policy Purposes?	68	(6)
Concluding Remarks	74	(2)
Spatial Distribution of Tourism in China: Its Nature, Determinants and Consequences	76	(32)
Introduction	76	(1)
Distribution of Demand-Side Factors in China's International Tourism	77	(3)
Distribution of Supply-Side Tourism Factors in China	80	(3)
Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient Analysis	83	(9)
More sophisticated methods	83	(1)
Lorenz curve analysis	84	(4)
Gini coefficient	88	(4)
Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting the Spatial Distribution of Tourism	92	(4)
Further Discussion of Influences on the Regional Distribution of International Tourism in China	96	(5)
Entry ports factor and tourist attractions	98	(1)
Connection with overseas Chinese	99	(1)
Foreign direct investment in the coastal areas and business trvel	100	(1)
Discussion on State-Owned Hotels, Hotel Operations and Regional Distribution	101	(4)
Concluding Comments	105	(3)
Trends in the Regional Distribution of Tourism in China and their Implications	108	(33)
Introduction	108	(1)
Overall Changes in Spatial Distribution of Tourism in China	109	(3)
Trends in concentration of international tourism on the coastal area of China	109	(1)
Trends in Gini coefficients for the regional distribution of tourism	110	(2)
Changes in Spatial Distribution of Tourism within China's Coastal Area	112	(2)
Changes in Spatial Distribution of Tourism Indicators within China's Inland Area	114	(2)
Coefficient of Variation	116	(1)
Regional Convergence in Tourism Versus Divergence in the General Economy	117	(6)
Regional divergence in the Chinese economy	118	(3)
Convergence of tourism in China as indicated by Gini coefficients	121	(1)
Convergence of tourism in China indicated by the absolute values of some major tourist indicators	121	(2)
Discussion About Regional Convergence in Chinese Tourism	123	(8)
The opening up of China	124	(1)
Improvement of tourism facilities in the interior	124	(1)
Hotel operations and the state-owned hotels	125	(2)
Growth in ecotourism	127	(1)
International tourist arrivals: Source and their spatial dispersion	128	(3)
The Dispersal of Domestic Tourism	131	(3)
Regional Economic Impact of Tourism Does Not Depend Soley on Regional Relativities	134	(2)
Parting Detailed Snapshots by Regions of Proportionate Growth of Visits by China's Inbound Tourists	136	(4)
Concluding Remarks	140	(1)
Ecotourism: Its Nature, Sustainability, and Other Issues	141	(32)
Introduction	141	(1)
The Boundary of Ecotourism	142	(6)
Ecology and ecological systems	142	(2)
Definitions of ecotourism	144	(4)
Principal Participants in Ecotourism	148	(8)
Ecotourism industry --- the business sector	148	(3)
Ecotourists	151	(3)
Government sector	154	(1)
Non-profit groups	155	(1)
Can Ecotourism Grow Sustainably?	156	(10)
Global environment deterioration	157	(1)
Resource encroachment from other industries	157	(2)
Inappropriate tourism development	159	(1)
Economic expectations for ecotourism	160	(2)
Ecotourism and local communities	162	(3)
Criticisms of ecotourism development	165	(1)
Market and Govenment Failure in Ecotourism	166	(4)
Market failure in ecotourism	166	(2)
Government failure in ecotourism	168	(2)
Concluding Remarks	170	(3)
Evaluating Resources for Ecotourism, Particularly in China	173	(36)
Introduction	173	(1)
Welfare Economics and Ecotourism: A Review	174	(3)
Environment and Resource: Externality and market failure	174	(2)
Market and public solutions to externalities	176	(1)
Evaluating Ecotourism Resources: Existing Methods and Limitations	177	(19)
Argument about values	177	(6)
Techniques for measuring both marketable and non-marketable values	183	(4)
Travel cost method	187	(5)
Contingent valuation method (CVM)	192	(3)
A comparison of the trvel cost and contingent valuation methods (CVM)	195	(1)
Application of Valuation Techniques in LDCs and Ecotourism	196	(7)
Valuation of resources in LDCs	196	(2)
Valuation and resources use related to ecotourism	198	(3)
Limitations of valuation methods in their application, especially in China	201	(2)
Conflict Between Ecotourism and the Maximisation of Total Economic Value and Nature Conservation	203	(3)
Conclusion	206	(3)
Tourism Development in Yunnan: A Case Study	209	(40)
Introduction	209	(1)
Tourism, Especially Ecotourism, in Xishuangbanna	210	(19)
General introduction to Xishuangbanna	210	(1)
The Dai nationality and conservation	211	(1)
Tourism as the major industry in Xishuangbanna	212	(6)
The state nature rreserve of Xishuangbanna and ecotourism	218	(11)
Tourism in Yunnan Province	229	(6)
Major tourist attractions of Yunnan	229	(1)
Tourism development in Yunnan	230	(1)
Tourism supply in Yunnan	231	(2)
Tourism demand in Yunnan	233	(1)
Domestic tourism in Yunnan	234	(1)
Major problems in current tourism development in Yunnan	234	(1)
Dali and Lijiang: Further Tourism Centres in Yunnan	235	(3)
Dali --- home of the Bais	235	(2)
Naxi culture and matriarchal society in Lijiang	237	(1)
Analysis of Tourism in Yunnan	238	(9)
Spatial distribution of tourism in Yunnan	239	(2)
Seasonality of tourism in Yunnan	241	(2)
Difference in destination choice	243	(1)
Tourism in the regional development of Yunnan	244	(3)
Concluding Comments	247	(2)
Unbalanced Growth, Growth Pole Theory and Tourism Development	249	(28)
Introduction	249	(1)
Theories of Unbalanced Regional Development: An Overview	250	(1)
Comparison of Central Place and Core-Periphery Analysis	251	(2)
Central place theory	251	(1)
Core-periphery model	252	(1)
Growth Pole Paradigm	253	(5)
The concept of a growth pole	254	(2)
How growth pole influences other areas	256	(2)
Applications of Growth Pole Strategy	258	(6)
Application of growth pole paradigm	258	(2)
Failure in the application of growth pole theory and analysis	260	(4)
Arguments Concerning Service Sectors and Tourism as a Growth Pole or Leading Sector	264	(9)
Expansion of the service sector and tourism industry	265	(2)
Potential of tourism as a growth pole	267	(4)
Doubts on the service industry and tourism as a growth pole	271	(2)
New Growth Theories, Growth Poles and Regional Development	273	(2)
Concluding Remarks	275	(2)
Indentifying Whether Tourism is a Leading Sector or Growth Pole: Application of I-O Analysis	277	(37)
Introduction	277	(1)
Tourism as a Growth Pole in Inland China	278	(5)
Tourism as a Growth Pole in Yunnan Province	283	(3)
1990 Input-Output Table of China	286	(4)
Input-Output Table for Yunnan Province	290	(3)
Tourism as the Seventh Sector in the Yunnan Input-Output Table	293	(4)
Impact Analysis of Tourism in Yunnan	297	(2)
Brief review of tourism multiplier analysis	297	(1)
Impact analysis using input-output tables	298	(1)
Linkage of the Tourism Sector in Yunnan	299	(4)
Limitations of Input-Output Analysis	303	(1)
To what Extent can Tourism as a Growth Pole work in Yunnan?	304	(3)
Measures to Promote Tourism as a Growth Pole in Yunnan	307	(4)
Concluding Observations	311	(3)
Appendix: Total Employment, Income and Output Multipliers in Yunnan	312	(2)
China's Tourism Development in Retrospect and Prospect	314	(12)
Introduction -- Retrospect	314	(4)
Important Findings and their Nature	318	(4)
Concluding Remarks	322	(4)
Bibliography and References	326	(35)
Author Index	361	(10)
Subject Index	371