Trancework

by Yapko, Michael D.

• ISBN13: 9780415935890
• ISBN10: 041593589X
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-18
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

Trancework, the most comprehensive guide to learning the fundamental skills of clinical hypnosis, is now available in an updated and improved third edition. Yapko clearly and dynamically introduces readers to a broad range of hypnotic methods and techniques that will greatly enhance the effectiveness of preferred modes of therapy. Chapters are filled with new and practical information, including extensive academic references, sample transcripts, thorough summary tables of key points, and interviews with leading figures in the field--Jay Haley, Theodore X. Barber, Ernest R. Hilgard, David Spiegel, Jeffrey Zeig, and Karen Olness, among others. This new edition specifically addresses the growing emphasis within psychotherapy on proving efficacy through empirical data, the controversy of repressed memory that has divided the profession, and the advances in cognitive neuroscience that are stimulating new research. For newcomers, Tranceworkis an authoritative primer, demystifyinghypnosis and offering step-by-step instruction for integrating it into clinical practice. Those familiar with hypnotic procedure will welcome Yapko's presentation of influential theories, controversies, treatment approaches, and rich case material. All readers alike are guided through personal and professional enrichment as they discover the art and science of clinical hypnosis as presented in this essential guide.

Author Biography

Michael D. Yapko, Ph.D., is a clinical psychologist in Solana Beach, California. He has published extensively and conducts clinical trainings nationally and internationally on the therapeutic applications of hypnosis, methods of brief psychotherapy, and the strategic treatment of depression

Table of Contents

List of Tables	xix
Acknowledgments	xxi
Foreword to the 3rd edition	xxiii
Steven Jay Lynn
Introduction to the 3rd edition	xxvii
Foreword to the 2nd edition	xxxi
Andre M. Weitzenhoffer
Introduction to the 2nd edition	xxxiii
Foreword to the 1st edition	xxxvii
Jeffrey K. Zeig
Introduction to the 1st edition	xxxix
SECTION ONE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
What Is Hypnosis and Can It Help?	3	(22)
How Hypnosis Informs Clinical Practice	6	(1)
The Clinician-Client Relationship Is the Foundation	6	(1)
The Challenge of Negative Bias	7	(1)
Is There Empirical Evidence That Hypnosis Really Works?	8	(2)
Buyer Beware	10	(2)
Broadening Perspectives	12	(2)
Labeling Experiences	12	(1)
Descriptions of Hypnosis	13	(1)
Communication and Your Conceptual Framework	14	(5)
Influence Is Inevitable	17	(1)
Hypnosis and Positive Psychology	17	(1)
The First Lesson: What You Focus On You Amplify In Your Awareness	18	(1)
For Discussion	19	(1)
Things to Do	20	(1)
References	20	(5)
The Myths about Hypnosis and a Dose of Reality	25	(36)
Setting the Stage for Hypnosis	26	(8)
Dealing with Misinformation	26	(2)
Finding Out What the Client Requesting Hypnosis Believes	28	(1)
The Issue of Control	29	(1)
The Secrets of Stage Hypnosis	29	(5)
Responding to Misconceptions	34	(3)
The Power to Choose	34	(1)
What about the Other Side of the Control Issue?	35	(1)
Fictions and Non-Fictions	36	(1)
Misconception: Hypnosis Is a Good Thing	37	(1)
Misconception: Hypnosis Is Caused by the Power of the Hypnotist	37	(1)
Misconception: Only Certain Kinds of People Can Be Hypnotized	38	(3)
What Do the Hypnotizability Statistics Mean?	39	(2)
Frame of Reference: Andre M. Weitzenhoffer	41	(3)
Misconception: Anyone Who Can Be Hypnotized Must Be Weak-Minded	44	(1)
Misconception: Once One Has Been Hypnotized, One Can No Longer Resist It	45	(1)
Misconception: One Can Be Hypnotized to Say or Do Something Against One's Will	46	(1)
Misconception: Being Hypnotized Can Be Hazardous to Your Health	46	(1)
Misconception: Hypnosis Can't Harm Anyone	47	(1)
Misconception: One Inevitably Becomes Dependent on the Hypnotist	48	(1)
Misconception: One Can Become ``Stuck'' in Hypnosis	49	(1)
Misconception: One Is Asleep or Unconscious When in Hypnosis	50	(1)
Misconception: Hypnosis Always Involves a Ritual of Induction	50	(1)
Misconception: Hypnosis Is Simply Relaxation	51	(1)
Misconception: Clinical Hypnosis Is a Specific School of Therapy	52	(1)
What about Hypnosis Scripts?	53	(1)
Misconception: Hypnosis May Be Used to Accurately Recall Everything That has Happened to You	54	(1)
Closure on Misconceptions	54	(1)
For Discussion	55	(1)
Things to Do	56	(1)
References	56	(5)
Conceptualizing Hypnosis	61	(22)
The Neodissociation Model: Hypnosis as a Dissociated State	62	(1)
Hypnosis as a Passive or Permissive State	63	(2)
Hypnosis and Social Role-Playing	65	(3)
Hypnosis as a Sociocognitive Phenomenon	68	(1)
Hypnosis as an Altered State of Consciousness	69	(1)
The Reality-Testing View of Hypnosis	70	(2)
The Conditioning Property of Words and Experiences	72	(3)
Hypnosis as a Special Interactional Outcome	75	(1)
Hypnosis as a Psychobiological Phenomenon	76	(1)
Closure on Perspectives	77	(1)
For Discussion	78	(1)
Things to Do	78	(1)
References	78	(5)
The Brain in Hypnosis	83	(20)
Why Study the Brain in Hypnosis?	84	(2)
How Is the Brain Studied?	86	(5)
EEG Frequency Analysis: Alpha, Theta, Hemispheric Asymmetry and Neurofeedback	86	(4)
EEG and Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)	90	(1)
Frame of Reference: Helen J. Crawford	91	(4)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Studies and Hypnosis	93	(1)
Other Neuropsychophysiological Research Findings	94	(1)
Neuropsychophysiology is a Young Field	95	(2)
What Does Brain Research Mean to Clinicians Using Hypnosis?	97	(1)
For Discussion	98	(1)
Things to Do	99	(1)
References	99	(4)
Contexts of Hypnosis	103	(22)
Stage Hypnosis	105	(1)
Medical Hypnosis	105	(3)
Dental Hypnosis	108	(2)
Forensic Hypnosis	110	(1)
Frame of Reference: William Kroger	111	(4)
Hypnosis in Education	115	(1)
Hypnosis in Business	116	(1)
Sports Hypnosis	116	(1)
Hypnosis in Psychotherapy	117	(3)
For Discussion	120	(1)
Things to Do	120	(1)
References	120	(5)
The Social Psychology of Human Suggestibility	125	(26)
The Illusion of the Invisible Clinician	126	(1)
The Influence of Advertising	127	(3)
Therapy, Influence, and Advertising	128	(2)
The Need for Clarity and Certainty	130	(1)
Clinician Power	131	(3)
Stanley Milgram and Obedience to Authority	131	(2)
Power and the Clinician	133	(1)
The Need for Acceptance	134	(2)
Solomon Asch and Conformity	135	(1)
Expectations	136	(2)
Frame of Reference: Theodore X. Barber	138	(4)
The Need for Internal Harmony	142	(4)
Communication Style	146	(1)
Conclusion	147	(1)
For Discussion	148	(1)
Things to Do	148	(1)
References	148	(3)
Matters of the Mind	151	(16)
Conscious and Unconscious Characteristics	152	(6)
Unconscious Processing	154	(1)
The Unconscious and Symptom Formation	155	(1)
Treatment at an Unconscious Level	156	(2)
Frame of Reference: Milton H. Erickson	158	(3)
In Defense of the Mind	161	(1)
The Myth of a Benevolent, All-Powerful Unconscious	162	(2)
Conclusion	164	(1)
For Discussion	164	(1)
Things to Do	164	(1)
References	165	(2)
Responsiveness to Hypnosis	167	(20)
Personality Factors and Hypnotizability	168	(3)
Imaginative Ability, Fantasy Proneness, and Hypnotizability	168	(1)
Absorption and Hypnotizability	169	(1)
Expectancy and Hypnotizability	170	(1)
Gender and Hypnotizability	170	(1)
Frame of Reference: Kay Thompson	171	(7)
Age and Hypnotizability	174	(1)
Self-Esteem and Hypnotizability	175	(1)
Mental Status and Hypnotizability	176	(2)
Single Factors, Multifactors, and Hypnotizability	178	(1)
Enhancing Hypnotizability	179	(2)
Conclusion	181	(1)
For Discussion	182	(1)
Things to Do	182	(1)
References	182	(5)
The Phenomenology of Hypnosis	187	(18)
Psychological Characteristics of Hypnosis	188	(3)
Expectancy	188	(1)
Selective Attention	188	(1)
Dissociation	189	(1)
Ernest Hilgard's ``Hidden Observer''	190	(1)
Martin Orne's ``Trance Logic''	190	(1)
Frame of Reference: Martin T. Orne	191	(7)
The Tendency toward Literal Interpretation	195	(1)
Increased Responsiveness to Suggestion	196	(1)
Cognitive and Perceptual Flexibility	196	(2)
Physical Characteristics of Hypnosis	198	(3)
Assessing the Phenomenology of Hypnotic Experience	201	(1)
Conclusion	202	(1)
For Discussion	202	(1)
Things to Do	203	(1)
References	203	(2)
Conditions for Conducting Hypnosis Sessions	205	(10)
Environmental Variables	205	(3)
Physical Variables	208	(1)
Legal Variables, Especially Informed Consent	209	(2)
Informed Consent	210	(1)
Conclusion	211	(1)
For Discussion	212	(1)
Things to Do	212	(1)
References	212	(3)
Structured Approaches to Assessing Hypnotic Responsiveness	215	(22)
The Arguments Against Standardized Testing of Hypnotizability	216	(2)
The Arguments for Standardized Testing of Hypnotizability	218	(2)
My Bias on Assessment Issues	220	(1)
Frame of Reference: Ernest R. Hilgard	221	(2)
General Functions of Suggestibility Tests	223	(1)
Formal Assessment of Hypnotic Responsiveness	224	(2)
The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales	224	(1)
Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility	225	(1)
Hypnosis Induction Profile	226	(1)
Informal Assessment of Hypnotic Responsiveness	226	(4)
Chevreul's Pendulum	227	(1)
The ``Hot Object'' Test	228	(1)
The Hand Clasp	229	(1)
Embedded Commands	229	(1)
Nonverbal Shifts	230	(1)
Some Tips on Performing Assessments of Hypnotic Responsiveness	230	(1)
Conclusion	231	(1)
For Discussion	231	(1)
Things to Do	232	(1)
References	232	(5)
SECTION TWO: PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK
Structuring Suggestions	237	(26)
Suggestions Are Inevitable, but There's No Guarantee	237	(2)
Direct and Indirect Suggestions	239	(6)
Direct Suggestions	239	(3)
Indirect Suggestions	242	(3)
Choosing a Style: Are Direct or Indirect Suggestions Better?	245	(2)
Authoritarian and Permissive Suggestion Styles	247	(2)
Authoritarian Suggestions	247	(1)
Permissive Suggestions	248	(1)
Positive and Negative Suggestions	249	(3)
Positive Suggestions	249	(1)
Negative Suggestions	250	(2)
Content and Process Suggestions	252	(3)
Content Suggestions	252	(1)
Process Suggestions	253	(2)
Posthypnotic Suggestions	255	(2)
Specialized Suggestions	257	(4)
Accessing Questions	257	(1)
Ambiguous Suggestions	257	(1)
Apposition of Opposites	258	(1)
Bind of Comparable Alternatives	258	(1)
Confusional Suggestions	258	(1)
Covering All Possibilities	259	(1)
Implied Directives	259	(1)
Interspersal of Suggestions	259	(1)
Metaphors	259	(1)
Paradoxical Suggestions	260	(1)
Presuppositions	260	(1)
Puns	260	(1)
Truisms	260	(1)
Conclusion	261	(1)
For Discussion	261	(1)
Things to Do	261	(1)
References	262	(1)
Helpful Hints for Performing Hypnosis	263	(24)
Keep Your Suggestions Simple and Easy to Follow	263	(2)
Use the Client's Language as Much as Sensibly Possible	265	(1)
Frame of Reference: Jeffrey K. Zeig	266	(3)
Have the Client Define Terms Experientially	269	(2)
Use the Present Tense and a Positive Structure	271	(1)
Encourage and Compliment Positive Responses	272	(1)
Determine Ownership of the Problem and Problem-Solving Resources	273	(1)
Use Sensory Modalities Selectively	274	(2)
Keep the Client as Informed as Desired and as Necessary to Succeed	276	(1)
Give Your Clients the Time They Need to Respond	277	(1)
Only Use Touch Selectively and Always with the Client's Permission	277	(1)
Use Anticipation Signals to Announce Your Intentions	278	(1)
Use a Voice and Demeanor Consistent with Your Intent	279	(1)
Chain Suggestions Structurally	280	(1)
Use Process Suggestions to Encourage Projections	281	(1)
Build Response Sets Gradually	282	(1)
If Desirable, Substitute Other Terms for Hypnosis	283	(1)
Conclusion	284	(1)
For Discussion	285	(1)
Things to Do	285	(1)
References	285	(2)
Formal Strategies of Hypnotic Induction	287	(20)
Formal, Structured Hypnotic Inductions	289	(2)
Beginning the Hypnotic Process	291	(8)
Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques	292	(2)
Relaxed Scene Experience	294	(2)
Eye-Fixation Techniques	296	(2)
Counting Methods	298	(1)
The ``As If'' Method	299	(1)
Intensifying (Deepening) Techniques	299	(4)
The Stairs (or Elevator) Going Down	300	(1)
Compounding: Verbal and Manual	300	(1)
The Mind's Eye Closure	301	(1)
Silence	301	(1)
Posthypnotic Suggestion and Re-Induction	302	(1)
Summary	303	(1)
For Discussion	303	(1)
Things to Do	304	(1)
References	304	(3)
Informal, Conversational Strategies of Hypnotic Induction	307	(24)
Conversational (Naturalistic) Inductions	310	(18)
Using Past Hypnotic Experiences	310	(5)
Building an Internal Focus	315	(2)
Metaphorical Inductions with Embedded Suggestions	317	(5)
Induction through Negative Suggestion	322	(2)
Induction through Confusion Techniques	324	(4)
Conclusion	328	(1)
For Discussion	329	(1)
Things to Do	329	(1)
References	329	(2)
Hypnotic Phenomena: Eliciting and Utilizing Hypnotic Resources	331	(64)
Age Regression	333	(3)
Description	333	(2)
Age Regression at the Heart of the Field's Biggest Controversy	335	(1)
Focal Point: Creating False Memories	336	(9)
General Strategies to Elicit Age Regression	339	(1)
Approaches to Eliciting Age Regression	340	(5)
Age Progression	345	(5)
Description	345	(1)
Strategies to Elicit Age Progression	346	(2)
Approaches to Eliciting Age Progression	348	(2)
Hypnotic Amnesia	350	(6)
Description	350	(3)
Strategies to Elicit Amnesia	353	(3)
Dissociation	356	(1)
Analgesia and Anesthesia	356	(9)
Description	356	(4)
Strategies to Elicit Analgesia and Anesthesia	360	(5)
Catalepsy	365	(3)
Description	365	(2)
Strategies to Elicit Catalepsy	367	(1)
Dissociation	368	(6)
Description	368	(3)
Strategies to Elicit Dissociation	371	(3)
Hallucinations and Sensory Alterations	374	(4)
Description	374	(2)
Strategies to Elicit Hallucinations and Sensory Alterations	376	(2)
Ideodynamic Responses	378	(4)
Description	378	(3)
Strategies to Elicit Ideodynamic Responses	381	(1)
Time Distortion	382	(3)
Description	382	(1)
Strategies to Elicit Time Distortion	383	(2)
Ending the Hypnosis Session (Disengagement)	385	(2)
Conclusion	387	(1)
For Discussion	387	(1)
Things to Do	388	(1)
References	388	(7)
Designing and Delivering Hypnotic Interventions in Treatment	395	(24)
Doing Hypnosis Versus Being Hypnotic	396	(1)
The Skills of a Clinician	396	(1)
The Preliminaries to Hypnotic Intervention	397	(1)
Strategically Designing Hypnosis Sessions	398	(2)
Hypnosis and the Targets of Treatment	400	(1)
Frame of Reference: David Spiegel	401	(2)
Designing Interventions: Where to Focus First	403	(1)
Designing Interventions: Building Therapeutic Momentum and Response Sets	404	(1)
Designing Interventions: Risk Factors as Intervention Targets	404	(1)
Delivering Interventions: What about Using Hypnosis in the First Session?	405	(1)
Delivering Interventions: Introducing Hypnosis to the Client	406	(1)
Delivering Interventions: Choosing Your Hypnotic Style	407	(1)
Designing Interventions: A Generic Structure for a Hypnosis Session	408	(6)
Delivering Interventions: Following Up the Session	414	(1)
The Art of Designing and Delivering Hypnosis Sessions	415	(1)
For Discussion	416	(1)
Things to Do	416	(1)
References	416	(3)
Hypnotic Patterns Commonly Employed in Psychotherapy	419	(28)
Symptom Structures and Hypnotic Phenomena	420	(3)
Patterns of Hypnotic Intervention	423	(12)
Changing Personal History	423	(2)
Critical (Traumatic) Incident Process	425	(2)
Homework Assignments	427	(3)
Reframing	430	(2)
Symptom Prescription	432	(1)
Therapeutic Metaphors	433	(2)
Summary	435	(1)
Addressing Common Clinical Concerns Hypnotically	435	(8)
Anxiety, Stress	436	(1)
Depression	437	(1)
Relationship Problems	438	(1)
Self-Esteem Problems	439	(1)
Substance Abuse	440	(1)
Sexual Dysfunctions	441	(2)
Conclusion	443	(1)
For Discussion	443	(1)
Things to Do	444	(1)
References	444	(3)
Treatment Dynamics and Sample Hypnosis Session Transcripts for Common Problems	447	(22)
Themes of Therapy	447	(2)
Using Therapeutic Metaphors in Hypnosis	449	(2)
Session Transcripts	451	(1)
Case 1: Self-Definition and Taking Care of Self	452	(2)
Case 2: Pain Management	454	(3)
Case 3: Goal (Future) Orientation	457	(3)
Case 4: Adaptability	460	(2)
Case 5: Weight Management	462	(3)
Case 6: Stress Management	465	(2)
Conclusion	467	(1)
For Discussion	467	(1)
Things to Do	468	(1)
References	468	(1)
The Case of Vicki: Hypnosis for Coping with Terminal Cancer	469	(56)
Background of the Session	469	(1)
Context of the Session	470	(1)
The Case of Vicki	471	(52)
Verbatim Transcript & Commentary and Analysis	471	(52)
Follow-Up and Final Comments	523	(2)
When People Respond in Non-Ideal Ways	525	(12)
Resistance in Hypnosis	526	(3)
Resistance to Hypnosis	527	(1)
Resistance to Therapeutic Progress	528	(1)
Frame of Reference: Jay Haley	529	(3)
Responding to Resistance	532	(2)
Conclusion	534	(1)
For Discussion	535	(1)
Things to Do	535	(1)
References	536	(1)
Hypnotic Hazards and Ethical Guidelines	537	(20)
Spontaneous Regression and Abreaction	539	(3)
Symptom Substitution	542	(3)
Confabulations	545	(1)
Failure to Remove Suggestions	546	(2)
Frame of Reference: Karen Olness	548	(3)
Ethical Guidelines	551	(1)
Conclusion	552	(1)
For Discussion	553	(1)
Things to Do	553	(1)
References	554	(3)
Postscript	557	(2)
The Next Step	557	(1)
Closure	558	(1)
Appendix A	559	(4)
Hypnosis Organizations for Professionals and Journal Information
Appendix B	563	(4)
Supplemental Materials from Michael D. Yapko
Author Index	567	(6)
Subject Index	573