Transport Phenomena and Materials Processing

by Kou, Sindo

• ISBN13: 9780471076674
• ISBN10: 0471076678
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-11-15
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

An extremely useful guide to the theory and applications of transport phenomena in materials processing This book defines the unique role that transport phenomena play in materials processing and offers a graphic, comprehensive treatment unlike any other book on the subject. The two parts of the text are, in fact, two useful books. Part I is a very readable introduction to fluid flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer for materials engineers and anyone not yet thoroughly familiar with the subject. It includes governing equations and boundary conditions particularly useful for studying materials processing. For mechanical and chemical engineers, and anyone already familiar with transport phenomena, Part II covers the many specific applications to materials processing, including a brief description of various materials processing technologies. Readable and unencumbered by mathematical manipulations (most of which are allocated to the appendixes), this book is also a useful text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate-level courses in materials, mechanical, and chemical engineering. It includes hundreds of photographs of materials processing in action, single and composite figures of computer simulation, handy charts for problem solving, and more. Transport Phenomena and Materials Processing: * Describes eight key materials processing technologies, including crystal growth, casting, welding, powder and fiber processing, bulk and surface heat treating, and semiconductor device fabrication * Covers the latest advances in the field, including recent results of computer simulation and flow visualization * Presents special boundary conditions for transport phenomena in materials processing * Includes charts that summarize commonly encountered boundary conditions and step-by-step procedures for problem solving * Offers a unique derivation of governing equations that leads to both overall and differential balance equations * Provides a list of publicly available computer programs and publications relevant to transport phenomena in materials processing *An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.

Author Biography

Sindo Kou is Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Wisconsin. He formerly held the positions of associate professor at Carnegie-Mellon University and senior researcher at the General Motors Research Lab. Dr. Kou has won several awards in his field and is the author of Welding Metallurgy (Wiley).

Table of Contents

PART I INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Introduction To Fluid Flow	3	(113)
Basic Concepts	3	(22)
Laminar Flow and Turbulent Flow	3	(3)
Newton's Law of Viscosity	6	(12)
Streamlines	18	(2)
Momentum Boundary Layer	20	(4)
Momentum Transfer Coefficient and Other Coefficients	24	(1)
Overall Mass-Balance Equation	25	(6)
Derivation	25	(4)
Examples	29	(2)
Differential Mass-Balance Equation	31	(3)
Derivation	31	(2)
Examples	33	(1)
Overall Momentum-Balance Equation	34	(17)
Derivation	34	(4)
Examples	38	(13)
Differential Momentum-Balance Equation	51	(23)
Derivation	51	(4)
Dimensionless Form	55	(2)
Boundary Conditions	57	(3)
Solution Procedure	60	(1)
Examples	61	(13)
Differential Momentum-Balance Equation in Stream Function and Vorticity	74	(4)
Two-Dimensional Problems	74	(2)
Axisymmetric Problems	76	(2)
Turbulent Flow	78	(4)
Time-Smoothed Variables	78	(3)
Time-Smoothed Governing Equations	81	(1)
Turbulent Momentum Flux	81	(1)
Momentum Transfer Correlations	82	(8)
External Flow	82	(3)
Internal Flow	85	(3)
Examples	88	(2)
Overall Mechanical Energy Balance	90	(26)
Derivation	90	(6)
Examples	96	(7)
Problems	103	(13)
Introduction To Heat Transfer	116	(83)
Basic Concepts	116	(7)
Conduction, Convection, and Radiation	116	(1)
Fourier's Law of Conduction	117	(3)
Thermal Boundary Layer	120	(2)
Heat Transfer Coefficient	122	(1)
Overall Energy-Balance Equation	123	(17)
Derivation	123	(5)
Bernoulli's Equation	128	(1)
Examples	129	(11)
Differential Energy-Balance Equation	140	(23)
Derivation	140	(1)
Dimensionless Form	141	(3)
Boundary Conditions	144	(3)
Solution Procedure	147	(1)
Examples	148	(15)
Differential Energy-Balance Equation in Stream Function	163	(1)
Two-Dimensional Problems	163	(1)
Axisymmetric Problems	164	(1)
Turbulence	164	(2)
Time-Smoothed Variables	164	(1)
Time-Smoothed Governing Equations	165	(1)
Turbulent Heat Flux	166	(1)
Heat Transfer Correlations	166	(6)
External Flow	166	(4)
Internal Flow	170	(1)
Examples	171	(1)
Radiation	172	(27)
Definitions and Laws	172	(6)
Radiation between Blackbodies	178	(4)
Radiation between Graybodies	182	(3)
Examples	185	(4)
Problems	189	(10)
Introduction To Mass Transfer	199	(70)
Basic Concepts	199	(11)
Diffusion and Convection	199	(1)
Fick's Law of Diffusion	199	(3)
Thermal Diffusion	202	(1)
Diffusion Boundary Layer	203	(1)
Mass Transfer Flux	204	(1)
Mass Transfer Coefficient	205	(2)
Diffusion in Solids	207	(3)
Species Overall Mass-Balance Equation	210	(15)
Derivation	210	(6)
Examples	216	(9)
Species Differental Mass-Balance Equation	225	(30)
Derivation	225	(3)
Dimensionless Form	228	(2)
Boundary Conditions	230	(2)
Solution Procedure	232	(2)
Examples	234	(21)
Species Differential Mass-Balance Equation in Stream Function	255	(2)
Two-Dimensionless Problems	256	(1)
Axisymmetric Problems	256	(1)
Turbulence	257	(2)
Time-Smoothed Variables	257	(1)
Time-Smoothed Governing Equation	258	(1)
Turbulent Mass Flux	259	(1)
Mass Transfer Correlations	259	(10)
External Flow	259	(3)
Internal Flow	262	(1)
Examples	262	(1)
Problems	263	(6)
Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, And Mass Transfer: Similarities And Coupling	269	(48)
Similarities among Different Types of Transport	269	(19)
Basic Laws	269	(2)
Coefficients of Transfer	271	(1)
The Chilton-Colburn Analogy	272	(3)
Integral-Balance Equations	275	(1)
Overall Balance Equations	276	(2)
Differential Balance Equations	278	(4)
Examples	282	(6)
Coupling of Different Types of Transport	288	(29)
Buoyancy Convection	289	(1)
Solutal Convection	290	(1)
Convection in the Presence of the Lorentz Force	291	(3)
Stream Function and Vorticity	294	(2)
Dimensionless Form	296	(3)
Correlations for Buoyancy Convection	299	(3)
Examples	302	(9)
Problems	311	(6)
Boundary Conditions At Interfaces	317	(36)
Solid/Liquid Interface	317	(10)
Fluid Flow	317	(3)
Heat Transfer	320	(1)
Mass Transfer	321	(3)
Examples	324	(3)
Liquid/Gas Interface	327	(13)
Fluid Flow	327	(7)
Heat Transfer	334	(1)
Mass Transfer	335	(1)
Examples	335	(5)
Solid/Gas Interface	340	(1)
Fluid Flow	340	(1)
Heat Transfer	340	(1)
Mass Transfer	340	(1)
Solid/Solid Interface	341	(12)
Heat Transfer	341	(1)
Mass Transfer	341	(2)
Examples	343	(2)
Problems	345	(8)
PART II APPLICATIONS OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS PROCESSING
Selected Materials Processing Technologies	353	(52)
Liquid-to-Solid Processing	353	(36)
Crystal Growth	353	(15)
Casting	368	(9)
Welding	377	(6)
Powder Processing	383	(2)
Fiber Processing	385	(4)
Solid-to-Solid Processing	389	(3)
Bulk Heat Treating	390	(1)
Surface Heat Treating	391	(1)
Gas-to-Solid Processing	392	(13)
Surface Heat Treating	392	(3)
Semiconductor Device Fabrication	395	(8)
Problems	403	(2)
Fluid Flow In Materials Processing	405	(27)
Overal Balance	405	(9)
Crystal Growth: Czochralski	405	(1)
Crystal Growth: Floating-Crucible Czochralski	406	(2)
Crystal Growth: Continuous Czochralski	408	(1)
Casting: Shrinkage Pipes	409	(2)
Casting: Ladle Discharging	411	(2)
Casting: Design of Sprues	413	(1)
One-Dimensional Fluid Flow	414	(5)
Fiber Processing: Inviscid Melt Spinning of Fibers	414	(2)
Casting: Twin-Belt Casting	416	(3)
Multidimensional Fluid Flow	419	(13)
Semiconductor Device Fabrication: Spin Coating	419	(3)
Casting: Continuous Casting	422	(2)
Casting: Mold Filling	424	(3)
Problems	427	(5)
Heat Transfer In Materials Processing	432	(94)
Overall Balance	432	(6)
Bulk Heat Treating: Thin Sheets	432	(1)
Powder Processing: Cooling of Droplets	433	(1)
Casting: Die Casting	434	(2)
Casting: Strip Casting	436	(2)
One-Dimensional Conduction	438	(16)
Bulk Heat Treating: Uniform Surface Quenching	438	(2)
Surface Heat Treating: Uniform Surface Heating	440	(3)
Bulk Heat Treating: Plates, Cylinders, and Spheres	443	(2)
Welding: Nonconsumable Electrodes	445	(6)
Welding: Consumable Electrodes	451	(3)
One-Dimensional Conduction with Solidification	454	(6)
Casting: Sand Casting	454	(4)
Fiber Processing: Inviscid Melt Spinning	458	(2)
Multidimensional Conduction	460	(24)
Surface Heat Treating: Spot Laser Heating	460	(3)
Surface Heat Treating: Scanning Laser Heating	463	(8)
Welding: Thick Plates	471	(6)
Welding: Thin Sheets	477	(5)
Powder Processing: Cooling of Droplets	482	(2)
Convective Heat Transfer	484	(42)
Crystal Growth: Czochralski	484	(9)
Crystal Growth: Floating Zone	493	(6)
Welding: The Weld Pool	499	(11)
Welding: The Arc	510	(4)
Fiber Processing: Optical Fiber	514	(7)
Problems	521	(5)
Mass Transfer In Materials Processing	526	(75)
Overall Balance	526	(12)
Crystal Growth: Vertical Bridgman	526	(4)
Crystal Growth: Horizontal Bridgman	530	(2)
Crystal Growth: Czochralski	532	(1)
Crystal Growth: Zone Melting	533	(2)
Casting and Welding: Microsegregation	535	(1)
Welding: Weld Metal Composition	536	(2)
One-Dimensional Mass Transfer	538	(9)
Surface Heat Treating: Carburizing	538	(2)
Semiconductor Device Fabrication: Dopant Diffusion	540	(2)
Semiconductor Device Fabrication: Oxidation	542	(2)
Semiconductor Device Fabrication: Chemical Vapor Deposition	544	(3)
One-Dimensional Diffusion with Solidification	547	(20)
Crystal Growth: Bridgman	547	(8)
Crystal Growth: Zone Melting with Segregation Control	555	(1)
Crystal Growth: Czochralski with Segregation Control	556	(3)
Crystal Growth: Bridgman with Segregation Control	559	(8)
Convective Mass Transfer	567	(34)
Crystal Growth: Bridgman	567	(13)
Crystal Growth: Floating Zone	580	(5)
Casting: Macrosegregation	585	(3)
Semiconductor Device Fabrication: Chemical Vapor Deposition	588	(9)
Problems	597	(4)
APPENDIX A MATHEMATICS REVIEW: VECTORS, TENSORS, AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS	601	(54)
A.1 Vectors	602	(5)
A.1.1 Definitions	602	(2)
A.1.2 Products	604	(3)
A.2 Tensors	607	(2)
A.2.1 Definitions	607	(1)
A.2.2 Products	608	(1)
A.3 Differential Operators	609	(3)
A.3.1 Definitions	609	(1)
A.3.2 Products	610	(2)
A.4 Divergence Theorem	612	(1)
A.4.1 Vectors	612	(1)
A.4.2 Scalars	613	(1)
A.4.3 Tensors	613	(1)
A.5 Curvilinear Coordinates	613	(5)
A.5.1 Cylindrical Coordinates	613	(2)
A.5.2 Spherical Coordinates	615	(1)
A.5.3 Differential Operators	616	(2)
A.6 Ordinary Differential Equations	618	(19)
A.6.1 Rectangular Coordinates	618	(11)
A.6.2 Curvilinear Coordinates	629	(8)
A.7 Partial Differential Equations	637	(18)
A.7.1 Rectangular Coordinates	637	(14)
A.7.2 Curvilinear Coordinates	651	(2)
Problems	653	(2)
APPENDIX B SOFTWARE USEFUL FOR TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS PROCESSING	655	(3)
APPENDIX C PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS PROCESSING	658	(3)
C.1 TMS Series	658	(1)
C.2 ASME Series	658	(1)
C.3 Journals Related to Materials Processing	659	(2)
Index	661