Turkish Grammar

by Lewis, Geoffrey

• ISBN13: 9780198700364
• ISBN10: 0198700369
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-16
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Since its appearance in 1967, Professor Lewis's Turkish Grammar has been the standard work on the language throughout the English-speaking world. This revised and fully updated new edition further reflects the results of the language reform movement which, though not so drastic in its effecton the spoken language, has made anything written before the early 1930s, and a lot since, increasingly obscure to subsequent generations. Incorporating much new material, it presents an authoritative, lucid, and engaging text, setting out every form and construction of pre- and post-reform Turkishthat may be encountered in print, as well as colloquial usages. Reviews of the first edition: 'This is by far the most comprehensive Turkish grammar ever published in English [Professor Lewis] guides the student through the delicate labyrinths of the language with sympathetic understanding and what is rare in the grammarian humour The typography and arrangement of the book are beyondall praise, and all in all the book is a most notable achievement.' Royal Central Asian Journal '[The] thinnest chapters of a grammar are sometimes those on syntax; but in this book the discussions of modern Turkish syntax are the strongest sections, illustrated by lucid and penetrating analyses of sentence structure, with no skirting round difficulties or papering over of cracks This bookwill certainly be instructive and indeed enjoyable reading to every student of Turkish who has already made some progress in the language.' SOAS Bulletin 'Professor Lewis displays both a mastery of Turkish grammar and an understanding of how that grammar can be best presented to English speakers. His style is clear and readable, his overall approach extremely practical.' Middle East Journal

Author Biography

Geoffrey Lewis, FBA 1979, has been Emeritus Professor of Turkish at the University of Oxford since 1986 and a Fellow of St Anthony's College since 1961 (now Emeritus). He was Oxford University Visiting Professor at Robert College Istanbul 195968, and has been a visiting professor at Princeton, UCLA, and the Royal College of Istanbul, and holds honorary doctorates of the University of Istanbul and the University of the Bosphorus. His books include the original Teach yourself Turkish (1953 and 1988).

Table of Contents

Introduction	xix
Bibliography	xxiii
Abbreviations	xxiv
Orthography and Phonology	1	(22)
The alphabet	1	(1)
The apostrophe	2	(1)
The circumflex accent	2	(1)
Consonants; general observations	2	(1)
b, p	3	(1)
c	3	(1)
d, t, n	3	(1)
f, v	3	(1)
g, k	3	(1)
g	4	(1)
h	5	(1)
I	6	(1)
r	7	(1)
y	7	(1)
The glottal stop	7	(1)
Doubled consonants	8	(1)
Consonant-clusters and epenthetic vowels	8	(1)
Foreign diphthongs	9	(1)
Alternation of consonants	10	(1)
Consonant assimilation in suffixes	11	(1)
Vowels: general observations	11	(1)
a	12	(1)
i	12	(1)
o	12	(1)
u	13	(1)
e	13	(1)
i	13	(1)
o	13	(1)
u	13	(1)
Vowel length	13	(1)
Vowel harmony	14	(1)
Exceptions to the rules of vowel harmony	15	(1)
Vowel harmony in foreign borrowings	16	(1)
Vowel harmony of suffixes	16	(1)
Vowel harmony of suffixes with foreign borrowings	17	(2)
Alternation of vowels	19	(1)
Accentuation: general observations	19	(1)
Word-accent	19	(1)
Exceptions	20	(1)
Enclitic suffixes	21	(1)
Enclitic words	22	(1)
Group-accent	22	(1)
Intonation	22	(1)
The Noun	23	(27)
Gender	23	(1)
Number: the Turkish plural	23	(1)
Arabic plurals	24	(1)
Other plurals	25	(1)
The Arabic dual	26	(1)
The cases	26	(7)
Summary of case-endings	33	(1)
Uses of the cases	33	(1)
The absolute form	33	(1)
The accusative case	34	(1)
The genitive case	35	(1)
The dative case	35	(1)
The locative case	35	(1)
The ablative case	36	(1)
Personal suffixes	37	(2)
Personal suffixes followed by case-suffixes	39	(1)
The izafet group	40	(2)
Words indicating nationality	42	(1)
The izafet chain	43	(2)
Place-names consisting in an izafet group	45	(1)
Culinary terms without izafet	45	(1)
Third-person suffix with substantivizing and defining force	46	(1)
The Janus construction	46	(1)
Suffixes with izafet groups	47	(1)
The vocative use of the third-person suffix	48	(1)
Persian izafet	48	(2)
The Adjective	50	(4)
General observations	50	(1)
Attributive adjectives	50	(1)
The indefinite article	50	(1)
Comparison of adjectives	51	(1)
Arabic and Persian comparatives	52	(1)
Intensive adjectives	52	(2)
Noun and Adjective Suffixes	54	(10)
Diminutives	54	(1)
Diminutives of personal names	55	(1)
-(i)msi, -(i)mtrak, -si	55	(1)
-ce	55	(1)
-ci	55	(2)
-li	57	(1)
...-li ...-li	58	(1)
-siz	58	(1)
-lik	58	(2)
-das	60	(1)
-gil	61	(1)
-(s)el	61	(1)
-vari	62	(1)
-cil	62	(1)
-hane	62	(1)
-ane	62	(2)
Pronouns	64	(10)
Personal pronouns	64	(1)
Uses of the personal pronouns	65	(1)
-ki	66	(1)
kendi	67	(1)
Demonstratives	68	(1)
Interrogatives	69	(2)
Indefinite, determinative, and negative	71	(1)
bazl, kimi	71	(1)
birtakim	71	(1)
her	71	(1)
hep	72	(1)
cok	72	(1)
az	72	(1)
birkac	72	(1)
butun, tum	72	(1)
baska, diger	73	(1)
obur	73	(1)
birbir	73	(1)
ayni	73	(1)
sey	74	(1)
falan	74	(1)
insan	74	(1)
hic	74	(1)
kimse	74	(7)
Numerals	76	(1)
Cardinals	76	(1)
Classifiers	77	(1)
Fractions	78	(1)
Ordinals	79	(1)
Distributives	80	(1)
Collectives	81	(1)
Arithmetical terms	81	(1)
Dice and card numbers	81	(12)
Postpositions	83	(1)
General observations	83	(1)
Primary postpositions with absolute case	83	(1)
Primary postpositions with absolute or genitive case	83	(2)
Primary postpositions with dative case	85	(1)
Primary postpositions with ablative case	86	(1)
Secondary postpostions: I	87	(2)
Secondary postpositions: II	89	(1)
Secondary postpositions: III	90	(1)
leh, aleyh	91	(1)
The preposition ila	91	(2)
The Verb	93	(67)
The stem	93	(1)
The verb `to be'	93	(1)
The present tense of `to be'	93	(1)
Uses of -dir	94	(1)
Examples of the present tense of `to be'	95	(1)
Forms based on i-	96	(1)
The past tense of `to be'	96	(1)
The present conditional of `to be'	97	(1)
The past conditional of `to be'	97	(2)
The inferential	99	(1)
The inferential conditional	100	(1)
The negative of `to be'	100	(3)
Interrogative	103	(1)
Negative-interrogative	104	(1)
The regular verb	105	(1)
Present	106	(1)
Uses of the present	107	(1)
Paradigms of the present	107	(3)
The -mekte tense	110	(1)
Future	111	(1)
Uses of the future	111	(1)
Paradigms of the future	111	(3)
The -esi tense	114	(1)
Aorist	115	(1)
Uses of the aorist	116	(1)
Paradigms of the aorist	117	(5)
mis-past	122	(1)
Pluperfect	123	(1)
Other paradigms of the mis-past	124	(2)
Necessitative	126	(2)
di-past	128	(1)
Uses of the di-past	129	(1)
Other paradigms of the di-past	129	(2)
Conditional	131	(3)
Subjunctive	134	(1)
Uses of the subjunctive	135	(1)
Other paradigms of the subjunctive	136
Synopsis of the verb	138	(138)
Imperative	138	(3)
-sindi	141	(1)
-sin icin	141	(1)
-dir suffixed to finite verbs	142	(1)
-dir with a following verb	143	(1)
Summary of the forms of `to be'	143	(1)
var, yok	144	(2)
Extended stems	146	(1)
The reciprocal or co-operative verb	146	(1)
The causative verb	147	(1)
Doubly causative verbs	148	(1)
Syntax of the causative	149	(1)
The repetitive verb	150	(1)
The reflexive verb	151	(1)
The passive verb	152	(1)
Uses of the passive	152	(1)
The potential verb	153	(1)
The order of extensions	154	(2)
Auxiliary verbs	156	(4)
Participles	160	(8)
Present	160	(1)
Future	160	(2)
The -esi tense	162	(1)
Aorist	162	(1)
mis-past	163	(1)
di-past	164	(1)
The personal participles	165	(1)
-ecegi gel-	166	(1)
-esi gel-	166	(1)
-ecegi tut-	167	(1)
Periphrastic tenses and moods	167	(1)
Verbal Nouns	168	(7)
Introductory	168	(1)
-mek	168	(1)
The infinitive with subject	169	(1)
-mekli	170	(1)
Common nouns in -mek	170	(1)
-meklik	171	(1)
-me	171	(1)
Common nouns in -me	172	(1)
-meli	172	(1)
-masyon	173	(1)
-is	173	(1)
-mezlik, -memezlik	173	(2)
Gerunds	175	(18)
Introductory	175	(1)
-e	175	(2)
-erek	177	(1)
olarak	178	(1)
-ip	178	(2)
-ince	180	(1)
-inceye kadar, -inceyedek, -inceye degin	180	(1)
-ene kadar, -enedek, -ene degin	180	(1)
-esiye	181	(1)
-eli, -eli beri, -eliden beri, -dim -eli	181	(1)
oldum olasi(ya)	181	(1)
-meden, -mezden	182	(1)
-r -mez	182	(1)
-dikce	183	(1)
-digince	183	(1)
-diginde	183	(1)
-dikte	183	(1)
-dikten sonra	183	(1)
-dikten baska	184	(1)
-diginden baska	184	(1)
Gerund-equivalents	184	(1)
-digi muddetce/surece	185	(1)
-digi halde	185	(1)
-digi takdirde	186	(1)
-digi icin, -diginden	186	(1)
-digin nispette	186	(1)
-digi kadar	186	(1)
-digi gibi, -ecegi gibi	186	(1)
-ecegine, -ecek yerde	186	(1)
-mekle	187	(1)
-mektense, -mekten ise, -medense	187	(1)
-meksizin	188	(1)
Equivalents of `as if'	188	(1)
-mecesine	189	(1)
iken	189	(1)
Compound verbs	190	(3)
Adverbs	193	(12)
General observations	193	(1)
-ce	194	(1)
Nouns used adverbially	195	(1)
Foreign adverbs	195	(1)
Comparison of adverbs	196	(1)
bir	197	(1)
bir turlu	197	(1)
... bile, hatta ...	197	(1)
adeta	197	(1)
Adverbs of place	198	(1)
asiri	199	(1)
-re	199	(1)
Adverbs of time	200	(1)
Telling the time	201	(1)
ertesi	202	(1)
evvelsi, evvelki	202	(1)
evvel/once, sonra	202	(1)
simdi	202	(1)
artik, bundan boyle, gayri	202	(1)
daha	203	(1)
hemen	203	(1)
gene, yine	203	(1)
The verb `to be' in temporal expressions	203	(1)
derken	204	(1)
ta	204	(1)
Conjunctions and Particles	205	(14)
ve	205	(1)
de	205	(1)
ne ... ne(de) ...	206	(1)
gerek ... gerek(se) ...	207	(1)
ha ... ha ...	208	(1)
hem ... hem(de) ...	208	(1)
ister ... ister ...	208	(1)
... olsun ... olsun	208	(1)
ya ... ya ... veya ..., yahut, veyahut	208	(1)
ama, fakat, lakin, ne var ki	209	(1)
ancak, yalniz	209	(1)
mamafih, bununla beraber/birlikte, gelgelelim	209	(1)
madem(ki), degil mi (ki)	209	(1)
meger(se)	210	(1)
ki	210	(3)
megerki	213	(1)
nitekim	213	(1)
halbuki, oysa(ki)	213	(1)
cunku, zira	213	(1)
demek	214	(1)
diger taraftan, ote yandan	214	(1)
gerci	214	(1)
guya, sozde	214	(1)
hani (ya)	215	(1)
hele	215	(1)
herhalde	215	(1)
ise	215	(1)
iste	216	(1)
sakin	216	(1)
sanki	216	(1)
soyle dursun	216	(1)
ya	217	(1)
yok	217	(1)
yoksa	217	(2)
Word-formation	219	(18)
Deverbal substantives	219	(1)
-ici	219	(1)
-men	219	(1)
-ik	220	(1)
-i	220	(1)
-ti, -inti	220	(1)
-gi	221	(1)
-c	221	(1)
-ek, -k	222	(1)
-gen, -egen	222	(1)
-gin	223	(1)
-it, -t	223	(1)
-im	224	(1)
-m	224	(1)
-in	224	(1)
-gec, -gic	225	(1)
-tay	225	(1)
-ev, -v	225	(1)
-ey, -y	226	(1)
Denominal verbs	226	(1)
-e-	226	(1)
-le-	226	(1)
-len-	227	(1)
-let-	227	(1)
-les-	228	(1)
-el-, -l-	228	(1)
-er-	228	(1)
-se-	229	(1)
-imse-	229	(1)
-de-	230	(1)
Compound nouns and adjectives	230	(1)
Abbreviated nouns	231	(1)
Izafet groups	231	(1)
Frozen izafet groups	231	(1)
Surnames ending in -oglu	232	(1)
Adjective + noun	232	(1)
Noun + noun + -li	232	(1)
Adjective + noun + -li	232	(1)
Noun + adjective	232	(1)
Noun + third-person suffix + adjective	232	(1)
Noun + verb	233	(1)
Onomatopoeic word + verb	233	(1)
Verb + verb	233	(1)
Hyphenated compounds	233	(1)
Repetitions	233	(1)
Doublets	234	(1)
m-doublets	235	(2)
The Order of Elements in the Sentence	237	(5)
The principles of word-order	237	(1)
The inverted sentence; devrik cumle	238	(3)
The sentence-plus	241	(1)
Number, Case, and Apposition	242	(8)
Concordance of subject and verb	242	(1)
Singular and plural in izafet groups	242	(1)
Idiomatic uses of the plural	243	(1)
The accusative with bir	244	(1)
Two idiomatic uses of the dative case	244	(1)
The genitive as logical subject	245	(2)
Apposition	247	(3)
The Noun Clause and the Substantival Sentence	250	(5)
The verbal noun in -me and the personal participles	250	(2)
The substantival sentence	252	(1)
The substantival sentence as adjectival qualifier	252	(1)
The substantival sentence as qualifier in izafet	253	(1)
The sentence with case-endings	253	(2)
Adjectival Phrases and Participial Qualifiers	255	(5)
The basibozuk construction	255	(1)
Translation of English relative clauses	256	(2)
Two variant types of participial qualifier	258	(2)
The Subjunctive	260	(3)
Clauses of purpose	260	(1)
The subjunctive after a negative main verb	260	(1)
The subjunctive in noun clauses	261	(2)
Conditional Sentences	263	(6)
Open conditions	263	(1)
Alternatives to the conditional verb	263	(1)
Remote and unfulfilled conditions	264	(1)
Apodosis to an unexpressed protasis	264	(1)
Alternative protases	264	(1)
Concessive clauses	265	(1)
`Whatever, whenever, whoever, wherever'	265	(1)
eger, ayet	265	(1)
Conditional sense of the future personal participle	266	(1)
The conditional base	266	(1)
-sene, -senize	267	(1)
-se begenirsin?	267	(1)
olsa olsa	267	(1)
olsa gerek	268	(1)
Asyndetic subordination	269	(2)
Punctuation	271	(2)
Sentence-analysis	273	(7)
Further Examples	280	(9)
Index	289